Iron metallurgy of the Xianbei period in Tuva (Southern Siberia)

We present results of the complex investigation of large-scale iron production at the site of Katylyg 5 (Tuva, Southern Siberia) dating to 3rd-4th c. AD. The excavations have uncovered nine trapezoid underground smelting furnaces, a tonne of smelting slag, smithing remains and a charcoal production zone. The investigation of slag by Optical microscopy, SEM-EDS and ICP-MS confirms the performance of smelting and smithing operations at the site, and also suggests that the smelted ore was magnetite, associated with quartz. The presence of copper (bronze) prills in most of the smithing slag indicates that copper was worked alongside iron in the smithing hearths. The spatial division of the site into three different production zones (smelting, smithing and charcoalproduction) suggests a well-organized and self-sufficient industry, that was probably tightly controlled throughout all stages of the chaîne op´eratoire. The trapezoid furnaces identified at Katylyg, are also known from Cis-Baikal region where they date from the end of the 1st millennium BCE and throughout most of the 1st millennium AD. This suggests that the technology of trapezoid furnaces, along with the Kokel culture to which they are attributed, likely emerged in Tuva with the migrations from the Baikal region due to the westward Xianbei expansion during 1st-3rd c. AD

Social work with wounded servicemen in a military hospital

У статті розглянуто стан соціальної роботи у військовому госпіталі. Доведено значна роль волонтерів з вирішення соціальних проблем поранених. Встановлено особливості соціальної роботи по вирішенню особистих питань військовослужбовців. Описано пункт волонтерської допомоги на території військового госпіталю. Розкрито умови проживання та лікування в спеціалізованому відділенні воїнів, які втратили кінцівки. Проведено порівняння особистісних характеристик поранених військовослужбовців.The article considers the state of social work in a military hospital. Here was proved the significant role of volunteers in solving the social problems of the wounded. The features of social work are established as for the decision of personal questions of servicemen. The unit of volunteer assistance at a military hospital is described. The article reveals the living conditions and treatment in a specialized branch of the soldiers who have lost limbs. There is a comparison of the personal characteristics of wounded servicemen

Mineralogy of alluvial sediments of Avzyan gold region (the Southern Urals)

The Avzyan gold region is located within the Bashkirian anticlinorium and includes lode gold deposits and placers. The Gorny Priisk, Bogryashka and Ulyuk-Bar gold deposits are hosted in the Riphean metamorphosed carbonaceous sequence. The article describes the mineralogy of the heavy concentrates from alluvial sediments of the streams of Bolshoy Avzyan basin which drains the Gorny Priisk, Bogryashka and Ulyuk-Bar gold ore deposits. The comparison of mineralogical and chemical feature of the studied heavy concentrates is done. Samples and Methods. Samples from the streams were collected every 50-100 m. Hand specimens of ore and host rocks from the lode gold deposits were collected from outcrops and dumps. The content of metals in the heavy concentrates estimated using X-ray fluorescence analyzer Innov-X alfa. Chemical composition of the accessory minerals was studied using electron microscope Vega-3 Tescan with EDA X-Act Oxford. Discussion and Results. The source of the alluvial sediments was the lode gold deposits located in the immediate vicinity of placers. Heavy concentrates of the Kamenny stream are characterized by a high content of As and Cu while ones of the Bogryashka and Bolshoy Klyuch streams show a high content of Cr and Ba. Goethite is major ore mineral for all studied samples. Ilmenite, rutile, epidote and barite are also widespread in the samples from the Bogryashka and Bolshoy Klyuch streams. Native gold is present in the sediments of all studied stream. The greatest number of gold grains was found in the samples from the Bolshoy Klyuch stream. The weak roundness of the golds and the presence of unoxidized sulfides (pyrite, chalcopyrite and pyrrhotite) indicate a relatively small age of placers. Monazite and xenotime morphology suggests autigenic catagenetic and/or metamorphic origin. Monazite contains (apfu) Ce (0.27-0.56), Nd (0.10-0.37) and La (0.09-0.33), minor Pr, Sm, Gd, Eu and Dy; ThO2 up to 9.78 wt. % (0.08 apfu). It is similar with monazite composition from other streams of the east part of the Bashkirian anticlinorium and can be evidence of their similar origin. Xenotime contains major Gd, Dy and Er and minor Tb and Ho. Xenotime from the Bogryashka stream is characterized by the increased concentration of (apfu) Gd (0.10-0.24), Nd (0.01-0.02), Sm (0.03-0.06), Eu (0.02-0.06) and absence of Ho and Yb. Xenotime composition from the Kamenny and Bolshoy Klyuch streams is similar with ones from east part of the Bashkirian anticlinorium. Galena inclusions in REE phosphates, monazite inclusions in goethite and xenotime inclusions in pyrite can be evidence about similar conditions and time of formation gold-sulfide and REE mineralization

On the Location of the Gamma-ray Emission in the 2008 Outburst in the BL Lacertae Object AO 0235+164 through Observations across the Electromagnetic Spectrum

We present observations of a major outburst at centimeter, millimeter, optical, X-ray, and gamma-ray wavelengths of the BL Lacertae object AO 0235+164. We analyze the timing of multi-waveband variations in the flux and linear polarization, as well as changes in Very Long Baseline Array (VLBA) images at 7mm with 0.15 milliarcsecond resolution. The association of the events at different wavebands is confirmed at high statistical significance by probability arguments and Monte-Carlo simulations. A series of sharp peaks in optical linear polarization, as well as a pronounced maximum in the 7 mm polarization of a superluminal jet knot, indicate rapid fluctuations in the degree of ordering of the magnetic field. These results lead us to conclude that the outburst occurred in the jet both in the quasi-stationary "core" and in the superluminal knot, both parsecs downstream of the supermassive black hole. We interpret the outburst as a consequence of the propagation of a disturbance, elongated along the line of sight by light-travel time delays, that passes through a standing recollimation shock in the core and propagates down the jet to create the superluminal knot. The multi-wavelength light curves vary together on long time-scales (months/years), but the correspondence is poorer on shorter time-scales. This, as well as the variability of the polarization and the dual location of the outburst, agrees with the expectations of a multi-zone emission model in which turbulence plays a major role in modulating the synchrotron and inverse Compton fluxes.Comment: Accepted for Publication in the Astrophysical Journal Letters. 7 pages (including 5 figures). Minor corrections with regard to previous version, as proposed by the refere

A multi-wavelength polarimetric study of the blazar CTA 102 during a Gamma-ray flare in 2012

We perform a multi-wavelength polarimetric study of the quasar CTA 102 during an extraordinarily bright $\gamma$-ray outburst detected by the {\it Fermi} Large Area Telescope in September-October 2012 when the source reached a flux of F$_{>100~\mathrm{MeV}} =5.2\pm0.4\times10^{-6}$ photons cm$^{-2}$ s$^{-1}$. At the same time the source displayed an unprecedented optical and NIR outburst. We study the evolution of the parsec scale jet with ultra-high angular resolution through a sequence of 80 total and polarized intensity Very Long Baseline Array images at 43 GHz, covering the observing period from June 2007 to June 2014. We find that the $\gamma$-ray outburst is coincident with flares at all the other frequencies and is related to the passage of a new superluminal knot through the radio core. The powerful $\gamma$-ray emission is associated with a change in direction of the jet, which became oriented more closely to our line of sight ($\theta\sim$1.2$^{\circ}$) during the ejection of the knot and the $\gamma$-ray outburst. During the flare, the optical polarized emission displays intra-day variability and a clear clockwise rotation of EVPAs, which we associate with the path followed by the knot as it moves along helical magnetic field lines, although a random walk of the EVPA caused by a turbulent magnetic field cannot be ruled out. We locate the $\gamma$-ray outburst a short distance downstream of the radio core, parsecs from the black hole. This suggests that synchrotron self-Compton scattering of near-infrared to ultraviolet photons is the probable mechanism for the $\gamma$-ray production.Comment: Accepted for publication in The Astrophysical Journa

Probing the Inner Jet of the Quasar PKS 1510-089 with Multi-waveband Monitoring during Strong Gamma-ray Activity

We present results from monitoring the multi-waveband flux, linear polarization, and parsec-scale structure of the quasar PKS 1510-089, concentrating on eight major gamma-ray flares that occurred during the interval 2009.0-2009.5. The gamma-ray peaks were essentially simultaneous with maxima at optical wavelengths, although the flux ratio of the two wavebands varied by an order of magnitude. The optical polarization vector rotated by 720 degrees during a 5-day period encompassing six of these flares. This culminated in a very bright, roughly 1 day, optical and gamma-ray flare as a bright knot of emission passed through the highest-intensity, stationary feature (the "core") seen in 43 GHz Very Long Baseline Array images. The knot continued to propagate down the jet at an apparent speed of 22c and emit strongly at gamma-ray energies as a months-long X-ray/radio outburst intensified. We interpret these events as the result of the knot following a spiral path through a mainly toroidal magnetic field pattern in the acceleration and collimation zone of the jet, after which it passes through a standing shock in the 43 GHz core and then continues downstream. In this picture, the rapid gamma-ray flares result from scattering of infrared seed photons from a relatively slow sheath of the jet as well as from optical synchrotron radiation in the faster spine. The 2006-2009.7 radio and X-ray flux variations are correlated at very high significance; we conclude that the X-rays are mainly from inverse Compton scattering of infrared seed photons by 20-40 MeV electrons.Comment: 10 pages of text + 5 figures, to be published in Astrophysical Journal Letters in 201

Flaring Behavior of the Quasar 3C~454.3 across the Electromagnetic Spectrum

We analyze the behavior of the parsec-scale jet of the quasar 3C~454.3 during pronounced flaring activity in 2005-2008. Three major disturbances propagated down the jet along different trajectories with Lorentz factors $\Gamma>$10. The disturbances show a clear connection with millimeter-wave outbursts, in 2005 May/June, 2007 July, and 2007 December. High-amplitude optical events in the $R$-band light curve precede peaks of the millimeter-wave outbursts by 15-50 days. Each optical outburst is accompanied by an increase in X-ray activity. We associate the optical outbursts with propagation of the superluminal knots and derive the location of sites of energy dissipation in the form of radiation. The most prominent and long-lasting of these, in 2005 May, occurred closer to the black hole, while the outbursts with a shorter duration in 2005 Autumn and in 2007 might be connected with the passage of a disturbance through the millimeter-wave core of the jet. The optical outbursts, which coincide with the passage of superluminal radio knots through the core, are accompanied by systematic rotation of the position angle of optical linear polarization. Such rotation appears to be a common feature during the early stages of flares in blazars. We find correlations between optical variations and those at X-ray and $\gamma$-ray energies. We conclude that the emergence of a superluminal knot from the core yields a series of optical and high-energy outbursts, and that the mm-wave core lies at the end of the jet's acceleration and collimation zone.Comment: 57 pages, 23 figures, 8 tables (submitted to ApJ

Optimasi Portofolio Resiko Menggunakan Model Markowitz MVO Dikaitkan dengan Keterbatasan Manusia dalam Memprediksi Masa Depan dalam Perspektif Al-Qur`an

Risk portfolio on modern finance has become increasingly technical, requiring the use of sophisticated mathematical tools in both research and practice. Since companies cannot insure themselves completely against risk, as human incompetence in predicting the future precisely that written in Al-Quran surah Luqman verse 34, they have to manage it to yield an optimal portfolio. The objective here is to minimize the variance among all portfolios, or alternatively, to maximize expected return among all portfolios that has at least a certain expected return. Furthermore, this study focuses on optimizing risk portfolio so called Markowitz MVO (Mean-Variance Optimization). Some theoretical frameworks for analysis are arithmetic mean, geometric mean, variance, covariance, linear programming, and quadratic programming. Moreover, finding a minimum variance portfolio produces a convex quadratic programming, that is minimizing the objective function ðð¥with constraintsð ð 𥠥 ðandð´ð¥ = ð. The outcome of this research is the solution of optimal risk portofolio in some investments that could be finished smoothly using MATLAB R2007b software together with its graphic analysis