Protection of library materials: an example of the Library of the Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences in Zagreb

Čuvanje knjižnične građe jedan je od osnovnih zadataka knjižnice; svaka je knjižnica dužna poduzimati mjere za zaštitu i čuvanje knjižnične građe. Uzrokom propadanja građe često mogu biti mikroklimatski čimbenici, kao što su toplina, vlaga i svjetlost. Propadanje se građe ne može spriječiti, ali se, pohranjivanjem u pravilnim uvjetima i pažljivim rukovanjem njome, može odgoditi. Nova zgrada Knjižnice Filozofskoga fakulteta u Zagrebu za korisnike je otvorena 2009. godine. Bio je to jedinstven primjer izgradnje zasebne zgrade knjižnice u povijesti hrvatskih fakulteta. U radu se govori o načinima zaštite knjižnične građe, od smještanja u optimalnu okolinu do rukovanja njome, s posebnim osvrtom na to kako se toga pridržava Knjižnica Filozofskoga fakulteta u Zagrebu.Preservation of library materials is one of the basic tasks of the library; each library is obliged to take measures for the protection and preservation of its library materials. Degradation of materials is often caused by micro-climatic factors such as heat, humidity and light. Degradation cannot be prevented, but, by storing the material in proper conditions and with careful handling, it may be delayed. The new building of the Library of the Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences in Zagreb was opened in 2009. It was a unique example of the construction of a separate library building in the history of Croatian universities. This paper discusses methods of protecting library materials: from storing in the optimal environment to its handling, with particular reference to how the Library of the Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences in Zagreb adheres to those practices

Irrigation requirements and potentials of agricultural crops in northern Croatia

U Republici Hrvatskoj navodnjava se oko 11.700 ha poljoprivrednih površina i nalazi se na jednom od posljednjih mjesta u Europi. Učestalost pojave suša posljednjih godina utjecala je na mišljenje javnosti o potrebi navodnjavanja. Stoga je Vlada pokrenula projekt navodnjavanja pod naslovom «Nacionalni projekt navodnjavanja i gospodarenja poljoprivrednim zemljištem i vodama u RH», koji bi se trebao realizirati u tri etape. U dio navedenog projekta uključen je i ovaj rad, koji je imao cilj za dva vremenska razdoblja (1961-2003 i 1994-2003) utvrditi sljedeće: Utvrditi evapotranspiraciju kultura (potrebnu količinu vode), utvrditi manjak vode u tlu i odrediti kakvoću vode za navodnjavanje. U radu su korišteni klimatski podaci meteorološke postaje Đurđevac, za razdoblje od 1961. do 2003., osim insolacije, koja je korištena s meteorološke postaje Osijek. Referentna evapotranspiracija (ETo) izračunata je metodom Penman-Montheitha, efektivne oborine metodom USBR (US Berau Recla-mation), a evapotranspiracija kulture (ETc) izračunata je iz odnosa ETo i koefici-jenta kulture (kc), uvažavajući različite stadije razvoja kulture. Bilanca vode u lesiviranom tlu za svaku kulturu izračunata je prema metodi Palmera (korigiranoj i kalibriranoj prema Vidačeku, 1981) za dvije različite dubine (do 0.1 m i 0.1-1,0 m). Istraživano tlo je imalo sljedeće značajke: praškasto glinasto ilovasta tekstura, poljski vodni kapacitet (Pkv)=360 mm i točka venuća (Tv)=160 mm. U razmatranju su bile sljedeće kulture: duhan, soja, suncokret, šećerna repa, kupus, kelj, paprika krastavci i rajčica. Za obradu podataka korišten je kompjutorski program «Cropwat». Kakvoća vode za navodnjavanje određivana je za vodotok Županijski kanal, uzorci vode su uzimani na vodomjernoj postaji Kapinci (područje Virovitičko-podravske županije), u razdoblju od 1983. do 2003. godine. Ocjena kakvoće vode načinjena je za svaku godinu prema Uredbi o klasifikaciji voda (NN 77/98). U pojedinačnim pokazateljima kakvoće vodotoka obrađivani su koncentracija kisika, zasićenje kisikom, KPK (kemijska potrošnja kisika), BPK5 (biokemijska potrošnja kisika). Od hranjivih tvari obrađeni su amonij i nitriti, od mikrobioloških pokazatelja ocjena kakvoće obavljena je prema ukupnim koliformnim bakterijama i broju aerobnih bakterija, te prema PB (Pantle-Buck) indeksu saprobnosti. Utvrđeni rezultati pokazuju da se kod svih kultura povećala potreba za vodom (evapotranspiracija) u posljednjem razdoblju istraživanja (1994 do 2003 godine), u odnosu na razdoblje od 1961 do 2003 godine. Prosječno povećana potreba za vodom svih praćenih kultura iznosila je 22 mm. Isto tako je utvrđen povećani manjak vode u tlu, koji je prosječno iznosio 8.9 mm. Kakvoća vode u vodotoku Županijski kanal od 21 godine praćenja, 11 godina je bila iznad treće vrste po skupnim pokazateljima. Temeljem utvrđenih rezultata može se zaključiti da su klimatske promjene u posljednjem razdoblju istraživanja prouzročile povećanu potrebu uzgajanih kultura za vodom, a time i povećani manjak vode u tlu, odnosno potrebu osiguranja veće količine zadovoljavajuće vode za navodnjavanje.With only 11,700 ha of irrigated agricultural areas, the Republic of Croatia holds one of the last positions in Europe. Frequent droughts in recent years influenced the public opinion regarding irrigation demands. For this reason, the Government started the «National project of irrigation and management of agricultural land and waters», which will be implemented in three stages. This study was included into a part of the said project. The aims of the study were to determine crop evapotranspiration (required amount of water), soil water deficit and quality of irrigation water for two time periods (1961-2003 and 1994-2003). Climatic data of the meteorological station Đurđevac for the period 1961-2003 were used, except for insolation data, which were taken from the meteorological station Osijek. Reference evapotranspiration (ETo) was calculated by the Penman-Monteith method, effective precipitation by the USBR method, while crop evapotranspiration (ETc) was calculated from the relation of ETo and the crop coefficient (cc), taking account of different stages of crop development. Soil water balance (water deficit) for each crop was calculated using the Palmer method (corrected and calibrated according to Vidaček, 1981) for two depth (till 0.1 m and 0.1 m-1.0 m). The studied soil had the following characteristics: silty clay-loam texture, field water capacity (Fwc)=360 mm and wilting point (Wp)=160 mm. The following crops were studied: tobacco, soybean, sunflower, sugar beet, cabbage kale, pepper, cucumber and tomato. Data were processed with the aid of the «Cropwat» computer program. Quality of irrigation water for the County Canal watercourse was assessed; water samples were taken at the water gauge station Kapinci in the period from 1983 to 2003. Water quality score was calculated for each year pursuant to the Water Classification Directive. The following individual watercourse quality indicators were analyzed: oxygen concentration, oxygen saturation, COD and BOD5. Of nutritious substances ammonium and nitrites were analyzed, while among microbiological indicators quality score was based on total coliform bacteria and the number of aerobic bacteria, as well as on the Pantle-Buck saporbic index. The results show increased water requirements (evapotranspiration) of all crops in the last investigation period (1994 to 2003) compared to the period from 1961 to 2003. Average increase in water requirement of all monitored crops was 22 mm. Increased soil water deficit was also recorded, amounting on average to 8.9 mm. Water quality in the County Canal watercourse was monitored for 21 years, in 11 years of which it exceeded the third quality class according to group indicators. The results allow the conclusion that climatic changes in the last investigation period caused increased water requirements of the crops grown, and thereby also higher water deficit in soil and the demand for providing larger quantities of suitable irrigation water

Metabolic Syndrome in Domestic Animals

Pretilost je čimbenik koji se kako u ljudi, tako i u životinja povezuje s velikim brojem bolesti što za posljedicu ima skraćen životni vijek. U mesojeda je pretilost uzrok niza poremećaja, no za razliku od konja i ljudi, kod prvih nisu ustvrđeni sindromi povezanosti sa adipoznošću. Endokrinološki poremećaji pri metaboličkom sindromu rezultiraju inzulinskom rezistencijom i dijabetesom tipa 2. Pojedine vrste adipokina masnog tkiva pridonose inzulinskoj rezistenciji. U konja s metaboličkim sindromom inzulinska rezistencija pogoršana je stanjem kompenzatorne hiperinzulinemije. Adipoznost goveda okarakterizirana je lipomobilizacijskim sindromom u kojem izrazita mobilizacija masnog tkiva uzrokuje masno promijenjenu jetru. Uz sindrom debelog goveda često se nadovezuju ketoza, mastitis, metritis, hipokalcemija, neaktivni jajnici i ciste jajnika. Ketoza može uzrokovati cirozu jetre, pri čemu životinja gubi dobra proizvodna svojstva i izlučuje se iz proizvodnje. Uz kvalitetnu ishranu, restriktivnu prehranu i povećanu tjelesnu aktivnost u liječenju metaboličkog sindroma u životinja primjenjuje se i medikamentna terapija.Obesity is the factor, both, in humans and in animals, associated with many disease conditions resulting in a shortened life span. In carnivores, the obesity is the cause of numerous disorders, but in contrast to humans and horses, it doesn’t provoke the metabolic syndrome in them. Endocrine disorders in metabolic syndrome result in insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes. Certain types of adipokines from adipose tissue contribute to insulin resistance. In horses with metabolic syndrome, the insulin resistance is exacerbated by the condition of compensatory hyperinsulinemia. Cows’ adiposity is characterized by lipomobilisation syndrome in which exceptional mobilization of adipose tissue leads to fatty liver. To the fat syndrome in cows, they are often related ketosis, mastitis, metritis, hypocalcemia, inactive ovaries and ovarian cysts. Ketosis can cause cirrhosis of the liver, for which the animal is losing its good production properties and is eventually expelled from the production. In the treatment of metabolic syndrome in animals, it is applied, in addition to quality food, a restrictive diet and increased physical activity, also the medical therapy

EFFECT OF DRAINPIPE SPACING UPON DRAINAGE DISCHARGE AND OILSEED RAPE AND SOYBEAN YIELDS

Cilj je istraživanja bio utvrditi na hidromelioriranom tlu, na različitim razmacima drenažnih cijevi (15 m, 20 m, 25 m i 30 m) ukupni drenažni istek, njegovo trajanje te prinos uljane repice i soje. Istraživanja su obavljena u dvije klimatski različite vegetacijske sezone (godine). U 2009/10. godini, u izrazito vlažnoj vegetacijskoj sezoni (1002,9 mm oborina) uzgajana je uljana repica, dok je u 2011. godini u ekstremno suhoj vegetacijskoj sezoni (348,4 mm oborina) uzgajana soja. U vlažnoj vegetacijskoj sezoni kod uzgoja uljane repice različiti razmaci cijevne drenaže imali su različit učinak u odvodnji suvišnih voda tla i visinu prinosa uljane repice. Na varijanti odvodnje s razmakom cijevi od 15 m utvrđena je najveća količina drenažnog istjecanja (324 mm), najkraće njegovo trajanje (118 dana) i najveći prinos (3,3 t/ha), dok je na varijanti odvodnje s razmakom cijevi od 30 m utvrđena najmanja količina drenažnog istjecanja (297 mm), najduže trajanje istjecanja (140 dana) i najmanji prinos (2,38 t/ha). U sušnoj vegetacijskoj sezoni kod uzgoja soje razmaci cijevne drenaže nisu imali utjecaja na visinu prinosa. Utvrđeni su podjednaki prinosi na svim varijantama, od 2,29 t/ha na varijanti odvodnje s razmakom cijevi od 30 m do 2,40 t/ha na varijanti odvodnje s razmakom cijevi od 20 m. Drenažni isteci nisu zabilježeni niti na jednoj varijanti odvodnje.The research goal was to determine the total drainage discharge, its duration and oilseed and soybean yields on hydroameliorated soil, with different drainpipe spacing (15 m, 20 m, 25 m and 30 m). Investigations were conducted in two climatically different growing seasons (years). Oilseed rape was grown in the particularly wet growing season (1002.9 mm precipitation) of 2009/10, while soybean was grown in the extremely dry growing season (348.4 mm precipitation) of 2011. In the wet growing season, different drainpipe spacing had different effects on excess water drainage and oilseed rape yields. In the drainage variant with 15-m drainpipe spacing, the highest drainage discharge (324 mm), its shortest duration (118 days) and the highest rapeseed yield (3.3 t/ha) were determined whereas in the 30-m drainpipe spacing variant, the lowest drainage discharge (297 mm), its longest duration (140 days) and the lowest yield (2.38 t/ha) were recorded. In the dry growing season, drainpipe spacing had no effect on soybean yields. Approximately equal yields were obtained in all variants, from 2.29 t/ha in the drainage variant with 30-m drainpipe spacing to 2.40 t/ha in the variant with 20-m drainpipe spacing. Drainage discharge was not determined in either variant

Senj’s steam-shipping and socioeconomic circumstances at the turn of the 20th century

U radu se s povijesno-geografskog aspekta razmatra nastanak, razvoj i slabljenje senjskog parobrodarstva, ključnog elementa ukupnoga socijalnog i gospodarskog napretka Senja na prijelazu iz 19. u 20. stoljeće. Početkom 19. stoljeća senjska luka je bila, zahvaljujući posebnoj gradskoj autonomiji i suvremenoj cestovnoj povezanosti, jedno od najvažnijih pomorskih trgovačkih središta Hrvatskog primorja i Jadrana u cjelini, čiji su stanovnici važni sudionici u brojnim društvenim, gospodarskim i političkim previranjima. Zasigurno je i razvoj parobrodarstva omogućio Senjanima dobar položaj na sve zahtjevnijem ekonomskom tržištu. U radu se analiziraju i važni uzroci slabljenja senjskog gospodarstva koji su u vrijeme Kraljevine Jugoslavije Senj izolirali od do tada prevladavajućih pomorskih i gospodarskih silnica te bitno utjecali na opći socioekonomski život grada.The authors of the paper examine the historical and geographical aspects of the emergence, development and decline of Senj’s steam-shipping as the crucial element of the overall social and economic progress of Senj at the turn of the 20th century. At the beginning of the 19th century, owing to the special city autonomy and the modern road connections, the Port of Senj was one of the most important maritime trading centres of the Croatian Littoral and the entire Adriatic in general, and its residents were important participants in social, economic and political turmoil of that time. Steam-shipping development has surely provided the residents of Senj a good market position in the times of demanding economic circumstances. The work also analyses important causes of weakening of Senj\u27s economy, which during the period of the Kingdom of Yugoslavia isolated the city from the dominant maritime and economic processes, thus heavily influencing the city\u27s socioeconomic situation

Analysis of Climate Elements in Central and Western Istria for the Purpose of Determining Irrigation Requirements of Agricultural Crops

A consequence of climate changes is an increasing frequency of drought, which on average occurs in Croatia every third to fifth year and during the vegetation period it can reduce crop yield significantly. The aim of the research is both to determine crop water requirements in an average and in a dry year and to determine the decline in crop yields in an average and in a dry year. The multi-annual climate data series for a 30-year period, 1981-2010 from station Pazin in central Istria and 1981-2010 from Poreč in western Istria was used. Based on these data, a reference evapotranspiration was calculated for an average and a dry year using the Penman-Monteith method through "Cropwat" software. The crop water requirement for five different crops is determined by soil water balance using the Palmer method (Palmer, 1965), corrected according to Širić and Vidaček (1988), using "Hidrokalk" software. Crop response to the lack of soil water and yield decline were determined according to the method published by Doorenbos and Kassam (1979). Correlation test was used to determine correlation between precipitation and crop yields. In central Istria, water shortage in an average year ranged from 3.4 mm (olives) to 110.7 mm (alfalfa) and yield decline ranged from 1.1% (olives) to 18.6% (alfalfa), while in a dry year water shortage ranged from 43.2 mm (olives) to 229.5 mm (alfalfa) and ranged from 10.3% (olives) to 37.7% (alfalfa). In western Istria, in an average year water shortage ranged from 35.5 mm (olives) to 239.7 mm (alfalfa) and yield decline ranged from 7% (olives) to 40.2% (tomatoes), and in a dry year water shortage ranged from 74.4 mm (olives) to 288.9 mm (alfalfa) and yield decline ranged from 14.4% (olives) to 40.7% (alfalfa). The determined water shortage and reduced yields are sufficient indicators of irrigation requirements in Istria

Unapređenje poljoprivrede na prostoru Šibensko-kninske županije primjenom navodnjavanja

Prostor Šibensko-kninske županije nalazi se u porječju Krke. Površina kopnenog dijela županije je 298373 ha, a poljoprivredne površine iznose 179.567 ha. Međutim, poljoprivreda je vrlo ekstenzivna jer se obrađuje svega 31.795 ha (oranice, vrtovi, voćnjaci, maslinici i vinogradi), dok livadama i pašnjacima pripada čak 147.772 ha. Za uspješan uzgoj poljoprivrednih kultura potrebno je osigurati pet vegetacijskih čimbenika. Na prostoru Šibensko-kninske županije prirodno su osigurani: svjetlost, toplina i zrak. Hranjiva tvar većim dijelom se osigurava također prirodno iz tla, a manjim dijelom se nadopunjuje pravilnom gnojidbom organskim i mineralnim gnojivima. Međutim, o vodi (petom vegetacijskom čimbeniku) najviše ovisi uspjeh poljoprivredne proizvodnje. Naime, na prostoru cijele Dalmacije pa i Šibensko-kninske županije stalno je bila potrebna u prošlosti (a posebno sada nakon što su nastupile klimatske promjene) “borba stanovništva” protiv vode i za vodu. U jesensko-zimskom razdoblju potrebno je primjenjivati melioracijske mjere zaštite i odvodnje suvišnih voda, a u proljetno-ljetnom dijelu nužno je izvoditi navodnjavanje. Mjere zaštite i sustavi odvodnje dobrim dijelom su izvedeni, a sada je potrebnije izvoditi sustave navodnjavanja. Od ukupnih poljoprivrednih površina županije pogodna tla za navodnjavanje nalaze se na 17.429 ha. Na određenim lokacijama postoje izvori vode, a na ostalim potrebno je vodu osigurati. Primjenom navodnjavanja moguće je ostvariti unapređenje poljoprivrede, tj. uzgoj raznolikih kultura i postići proizvodnju visokih, stabilnih i kvalitetnih poljoprivrednih proizvoda

Analysis of Climate Elements in Central and Western Istria for the Purpose of Determining Irrigation Requirements of Agricultural Crops

A consequence of climate changes is an increasing frequency of drought, which on average occurs in Croatia every third to fifth year and during the vegetation period it can reduce crop yield significantly. The aim of the research is both to determine crop water requirements in an average and in a dry year and to determine the decline in crop yields in an average and in a dry year. The multi-annual climate data series for a 30-year period, 1981-2010 from station Pazin in central Istria and 1981-2010 from Poreč in western Istria was used. Based on these data, a reference evapotranspiration was calculated for an average and a dry year using the Penman-Monteith method through "Cropwat" software. The crop water requirement for five different crops is determined by soil water balance using the Palmer method (Palmer, 1965), corrected according to Širić and Vidaček (1988), using "Hidrokalk" software. Crop response to the lack of soil water and yield decline were determined according to the method published by Doorenbos and Kassam (1979). Correlation test was used to determine correlation between precipitation and crop yields. In central Istria, water shortage in an average year ranged from 3.4 mm (olives) to 110.7 mm (alfalfa) and yield decline ranged from 1.1% (olives) to 18.6% (alfalfa), while in a dry year water shortage ranged from 43.2 mm (olives) to 229.5 mm (alfalfa) and ranged from 10.3% (olives) to 37.7% (alfalfa). In western Istria, in an average year water shortage ranged from 35.5 mm (olives) to 239.7 mm (alfalfa) and yield decline ranged from 7% (olives) to 40.2% (tomatoes), and in a dry year water shortage ranged from 74.4 mm (olives) to 288.9 mm (alfalfa) and yield decline ranged from 14.4% (olives) to 40.7% (alfalfa). The determined water shortage and reduced yields are sufficient indicators of irrigation requirements in Istria

Utjecaj razmaka cijevne drenaže na prinos ratarskih kultura na hidromelioriranom tlu

The research objective was to investigate the effect of different drainpipe spacing variants on the yield of field crops grown on hydroameliorated soil and to determine, applying the analysis of variance, the significance of the difference in yields between the tested variants. Investigations were carried out on hydroameliorated Gleyic Podzoluvisol on the experimental amelioration field Jelenščak-Kutina (central Sava valley) in the 1990-1993 and 1995-1999 periods. Four different variants of drainpipe spacing were tested in the trial (15 m, 20 m, 25 m and 30 m) in four replications. The same crop was grown and the same agricultural practices applied at the same time in all trial variants and in all trial years. During the research period, maize was grown in five years, winter wheat in three and oats in one year. Yields of the same crops differed per years and per different drainpipe spacing due to different factors, such as the genetic characteristics of the cultivars, or hybrids, different quantities and distribution of precipitation during the trial years, soil moisture before drilling, number of plants per unit area, total fertilizer applied and top-dressing pattern in the growing season, as well as the time of harvest. The highest maize yield was achieved in 1991 and ranged from 88.00 dt/ha (15 m spacing) to 71.74 t/ha (30 m). The lowest maize yield was recorded in 1996 - from 58.20 dt/ha (15 m) to 43.48 dt/ha (30 m). The highest wheat yield was achieved in 1991 - from 57.96 dt/ha (15 m) to 52.35 dt/ha (30 m), and the lowest in 1998 - from 38.88 dt/ha (20 m) to 30.88 dt/ha (30 m). Oats yield ranged from 42.19 dt/ha (15 m) to 37.59 t/ha (30 m). Analysis of variance, done separately for each trial year, rendered highly significant differences (p<0.01) between yields of particular crops in dependence on the drainpipe spacing in six trial years (1990, 1991, 1992, 1996, 1997 and 1998). Significant differences (p<0.05) between yields were recorded in 1999, while the 1993 and 1995 differences between yields, depending on the drainpipe spacing, were not significant. In the agroecological conditions of the central Sava valley, satisfactory yields can be obtained with the drainpipe spacing of 15 m. Drainpipe spacing of 20 m, supplemented by repeated vertical deep loosening of soil, may give satisfactory results in years when the drainage system is adequately maintained.Cilj istraživanja bio je ispitati utjecaj različitih razmaka cijevne drenaže na prinos ratarskih kultura na hidromelioriranom tlu i utvrditi analizom varijance opravdanost razlike u visini prinosa između testiranih varijanata. Istraživanja su provedena u razdoblju od 1990-1993. i od 1995-1999. god. Na melioracijskom pokusnom polju “Jelenščak”-Kutina ( srednja Posavina), na hidromelioriranom tlu Gleyic Podzoluvisol. U pokusu su bile testirane četiri varijante razmaka cijevne drenaže:15 m, 20 m, 25 m i 30 m, postavljene u četiri ponavljanja. Tijekom svake godine istraživanja na svim varijantama razmaka cijevne drenaže uzgajana je ista kultura i bili su primijenjeni jednaki agrotehnički zahvati i rokovi njihovih izvođenja. Tijekom istraživanja kukuruz je bio uzgajan pet godina, ozima pšenica tri i zob u jednoj godini. Prinos istih kultura bio je različit po godinama istraživanja i po različitim razmacima cijevne drenaže, što je prouzročeno različitim čimbenicima, kao što su: genetske značajke kultivara, odnosno hibrida, različita količina i raspored oborina tijekom godina istraživanja, vlažnost tla pred početak sjetve, broj biljaka na jedinicu površine, ukupna količina gnojiva i raspored prihrane usjeva u vrijeme vegetacije te vrijeme žetve-berbe usjeva. Tako je prinos kukuruza bio najviši u 1991. god. i kretao se od 88.00 dt/ha (za razmak od 15 m) do 71.74 t/ha (30 m). Najniži prinos kukuruza utvrđen je 1996. u visini od 58.20 dt/ha (15 m) do 43.48 dt/ha (30 m). Najviši prinos pšenice utvrđen je 1991. u visini od 57.96 dt/ha (15 m) do 52.35 dt/ha (30 m), a najniži 1998. od 38.88 dt/ha (20 m) do 30.88 dt/ha (30 m). Prinos zobi bio je od 42.19 dt/ha (15 m) do 37.59 t/ha (30 m). Analizom varijance posebno za svaku godinu istraživanja utvrđene su visoko signifikantne razlike (p<0.01) između prinosa pojedine kulture ovisno o razmaku cijevne drenaže u šest godina ispitivanja (1990, 1991, 1992,1996, 1997 i 1998). Signifikantne razlike (p<0.05) između prinosa utvrđene su 1999. godine, dok 1993. i 1995. razlike između prinosa ovisno o razmaku cijevne drenaže nisu bile signifikantne. U agroekološkim uvjetima srednje Posavine zadovoljavajući prinosi postižu se na razmacima cijevne drenaže 15 m. U godinama kada se pravilno održava sustav odvodnje može zadovoljiti i razmak cijevne drenaže od 20 m, uz obnavljanje agrotehničke mjere-vertikalnog dubinskog rahljenja