SOD activity of immobilized enzyme mimicking complexes

A binuclear, imidazolato-bridged, possible superoxide dismutase-mimicking complex (Cu(II)-diethylenetriamino-μ-imidazolato-Zn(II)-tris-aminoethylamine-triperchlorate) was prepared and immobilized on silica gel or among the layers of montmorillonite. The superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity of the complex before and after immobilization was studied by a SOD assay. It was found that the SOD activity of the host-free complex decreased somewhat when montmorillonite was the host, however, using silica gel as host it increased

Változások az európai gabonatermelésben 2000 és 2010 között

Az EU-27 gabonatermesztésbe vont területei enyhe csökkenést mutatnak a 2000 és 2010 közötti időszakban, ennek a csökkenésnek a hátterében főként a repce mint olajos növény felfutása áll. A területi csökkenés ellenére a megtermelt gabonamennyiség szinten maradt, azonban kisebb-nagyobb ingadozások az évjárathatás miatt tapasztalhatók. A megtermelt mennyiség stagnálásának oka a termésátlagok növekedésére vezethető vissza. A növekedés a biológiai alapok javulásával magyarázható, nem pedig a műtrágya-felhasználás növekedésével. Az Európai Unió intervenciós szabályai többször változtak a vizsgált időszakban. A módosítások nélkül az intervenciós rendszer fenntarthatatlanná vált volna. Az intervenciós szabályok megváltoztatása az EU belső árait közelítette a világpiaci árakhoz. Természetesen nem szabad arról sem megfeledkezni, hogy a szabályok megváltozása óta a gabonaárak szintje szinte minden évben meghaladta az intervenciós rendszerben elérhető felvásárlási árakat, és ebből kifolyólag szinte megszűnt az igény az intervencióra. ----------------- In the EU-27, the harvested area of cereals decreased slightly between 2000 and 2010, mostly due to the increasing share in production of oilseed rape. Nevertheless, in contrast to the decreasing harvested area of cereals, the harvested amount of cereals stagnated; only minor fluctuations occurred that could be attributed to the different harvest years. The main reason for the stagnating harvested amount is the increasing yields per hectare, and these increasing yields are achieved by improving the biological resources and not by increasing the use of artificial fertilisers. The rules of the European Union (EU) on intervention underwent several changes during the period of investigation, in the absence of which it can be stated that the intervention system would have become unsustainable. At the same time, it can also be claimed that the reformed intervention system brought the EU’s markets and producers closer to the world market. Another important point is that the price of the cereals exceeded the intervention prices in the intervention systems in almost every year since the rules were changed. Therefore the need for intervention has almost ended

Economic modelling and analysis of Hungarian wheat production in the marketing year 2011

In the framework of the present study I analysed the wheat production sector. In order to evaluate the situation prevailing in the sector I conducted an economic analysis which I based on primary data collection. The year of investigation was the production year of 2011. Long-term implications for different crop sectors can only be based on multi-annual analysis, so in this article I only attempted to analyse the sector with respect to 2011. To evaluate wheat production I compiled its cost structure and assessed it. To evaluate its position in comparison to other crops I also carried out calculations to determine the gross margin (revenue minus variable cost)1 By gross margin I mean the gross margin (C), which is production value (PV) minus direct cost (DC), by definition (C=P-DC). of maize and rape. I observed that the gross margin attainable on one hectare was the lowest in the case of wheat. I applied two types of gross margin, because I consider it important that a given sector should also be profitable without subsidies. In the case of the gross margin including subsidies it is essential to emphasize the role of subsidies, since their ratio varied between 30 and 47% of the total revenue. The importance of subsidies was the most significant in the case of winter wheat

Developments in sovereign bond issuance in the Central and Eastern European region after the Lehman collapse

This paper focuses on the impact of the financial and economic crisis of 2008–2009 on the issuance of sovereign debt in the Central and Eastern European region and other developing countries. As a result of the fiscal rescue packages, the financing requirement of both developed and emerging countries has increased significantly since 2007, giving rise to substantial changes in risk appetite as well as considerable shifts in demand for the securities of various issuers operating in the global bond markets. During the most severe period of the crisis, only countries with the best credit ratings were able to obtain substantial amounts of funds, while less developed or emerging economies had limited options. In particular, shrinking borrowing opportunities translated into rising yields, weak auction demand and hence unsuccessful auctions. While the market turmoil did not spare less developed euro area countries either; these developments had a particularly negative impact on the government securities markets in the Central and Eastern European region. Although improving risk appetite prompted a parallel rebound in emerging sovereign bond markets, heightened competition for the shrinking financing resources raised the cost of funds in higher-risk economies considerably. Our findings show that – besides developments in risk appetite – demand for the sovereign bonds of emerging countries was also influenced by the crowding-out effect generated by the increased issuance of government papers in developed markets.sovereign debt, risk premium, debt issuance.

Komplex rendszer elektrosztatikus veszélyek kockázatbecslésére = Complex system for the risk analysis of electrostatic hazards

A kutatás célja olyan komplex rendszer kidolgozása volt, amely alkalmas elektrosztatikus feltöltődés ill. kisülés miatt kialakuló veszélyek mértékének számszerűsítésére, ennek alapján a védekezési lehetőségek közül az optimális kiválasztására. A megvalósított rendszer fuzzy logikán alapuló hibafa-elemzéssel határozza meg az elektrosztatikus kisülések miatt keletkező tűz, v. robbanás gyakoriságát, és az ennek következtében bekövetkező károk kockázatát. A rendszerhez tartozik a feltöltődést szignifikánsan befolyásoló paramétereket figyelő mérőrendszer. A mérőrendszer alkalmas adott folyamat környezeti hőmérsékletének, páratartalmának figyelésére, a veszélyeztetett helyeken (tűz- ill. robbanásveszélyt nem okozó módon telepített) villamos térerősségmérő segítségével a feltöltődés mértékének rögzítésére, folyadékok fajlagos ellenállásának on-line mérésére. A mérőrendszer adatai alapján a hibafa-elemzés számára nagyobb megbízhatóságú bemenő paraméterek adhatók. | The goal of the research work was to work out a complex system that is able to quantify risk due to electrostatic hazards. The system can be used to select optimal protective measures from the possible ones. The system determines the frequency of fire or explosion caused by electrostatic discharges using fuzzy logic based fault tree analysis and the risk of damage that is caused by the discharges. As a part of the system a data acquisition system was installed to measure the most significant parameters influencing electrostatic charging. Those are temperature of the environment, relative humidity, electric field intensity (at critical places), and in such cases where transportation of liquid material is the source of electrostatic charging, the specific resistance of the liquid. Based on the results of the measurements it is possible to determine initial data for the fault tree analysis with higher reliability