Sensibilité des Populations D’Aedes Aegypti des Zones Héveicoles de Dabou (Sud de la Côte d’Ivoire) aux Organophosphorés, aux Pyréthrinoïdes et au Bacillus Thuringiensis Israelensis

L’expansion de l’hévéaculture entraine une forte modification de l’environnement en Côte d’Ivoire. Aussi, plusieurs épidémies de dengue et de fièvre jaune dues Aedes aegypti ont récemment été observées en Côte d’Ivoire. Le profil de sensibilité aux insecticides d’Aedes aegypti dans ces zones d’agriculture de masse nécessitant une main d’œuvre importante est mal connu. Cette étude a établi le profil de sensibilité d’Aedes aegypti dans les zones de cultures d’hévéa de Dabou afin de mieux planifier les mesures de lutte contre le vecteur majeur des d’arbovirus. Des larves d'Aedes aegypti ont été échantillonnées en janvier 2018 dans des plantations immatures et matures d’hévéa, ainsi que dans les villages environnants aux plantations d’hévéa dans le département de Dabou. Des tests larvicides (Bacillus thuringiensis israelensis et téméphos) et adulticides (chlorpyriphos-méthyl 0.8%, malathion 0,1% et Fenitrithion 0,1%, perméthrine 0,75%, deltaméthrine 0,05%, lambdacyahalothrine 0,05%) en tube sur les générations F1 ont été réalisés conformément aux directives de l'Organisation Mondiale de la Santé (OMS). Les 3743 larves d’Aedes aegypti testées ont été toutes sensibles aux deux larvicides avec des LC50 comprises entre 7.10-3 mg/L et 9.10-3 mg/L pour le Bacillus thuringiensis israelensis et entre 6,5.10-2 mg/L et 1,2.10-1 mg/L pour le téméphos. Les LC95 respectives étaient comprises entre 2,1.10-2 mg/L et 2,4.10-2 mg/L et entre 6,5.10-2 mg/L et 1,2.10-1 mg/L. Aussi, 2400 Aedes aegypti adultes testés ont été tous sensibles aux organophosphorés (chlorpyriphos-méthyl 0.8%, malathion 0,1% et fenitrithion 0,1%) avec des mortalités comprises entre 98% et 100% et aux pyréthrinoïdes (perméthrine 0,75%, deltaméthrine 0,05%, lambdacyahalothrine 0,05%) avec des mortalités de 100%. L’étude a montré que les populations immatures et adultes d’Aedes aegypti des plantations d’hévéa et les villages environnants de la zone d’étude étaient sensibles au Bacillus thuringiensis israelensis, aux organophosphorés et aux pyréthrinoïdes. The expansion of rubber cultivation is leading to a strong modification of the environment in Côte d'Ivoire. As a result, several outbreaks of dengue and yellow fever caused by Aedes aegypti have recently been observed in Côte d'Ivoire. The insecticide susceptibility profile of Aedes aegypti in these labourintensive mass farming areas is poorly known. This study established the susceptibility profile of Aedes aegypti in the rubber growing areas of Dabou in order to better plan control measures against the major arbovirus vector. Aedes aegypti larvae were sampled in January 2018 in immature and mature rubber plantations, as well as in the villages surrounding the rubber plantations in the Dabou department. Larvicidal (Bacillus thuringiensis israelensis and temephos) and adulticidal (chlorpyriphos-methyl 0.8%, malathion 0.1% and Fenitrithion 0.1%, permethrin 0.75%, deltamethrin 0.05%, lambdacyahalothrin 0.05%) tube tests on F1 generations were carried out in accordance with the World Health Organization (WHO) guidelines. All 3743 Aedes aegypti larvae tested were sensitive to both larvicides with LC50 ranging from 7.10-3 mg/L to 9.10-3 mg/L for Bacillus thuringiensis israelensis and from 6.5.10-2 mg/L to 1.2.10-1 mg/L for temephos. The respective LC95 were between 2.1.10-2 mg/L and 2.4.10-2 mg/L and between 6.5.10-2 mg/L and 1.2.10-1 mg/L. Also, 2400 adult Aedes aegypti tested were all sensitive to organophosphates (chlorpyrifos-methyl 0.8%, malathion 0.1% and fenitrithion 0.1%) with mortalities between 98% and 100% and to pyrethroids (permethrin 0.75%, deltamethrin 0.05%, lambdacyahalothrin 0.05%) with mortalities of 100%. The study showed that immature and adult populations of Aedes aegypti in rubber plantations and surrounding villages in the study area were susceptible to Bacillus thuringiensis israelensis, organophosphates and pyrethroids

Long term virological, immunological and mortality outcomes in a cohort of HIV-infected female sex workers treated with highly active antiretroviral therapy in Africa

BACKGROUND: Concerns have been raised that marginalised populations may not achieve adequate compliance to antiretroviral therapy. Our objective was to describe the long-term virological, immunological and mortality outcomes of providing highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) with strong adherence support to HIV-infected female sex workers (FSWs) in Burkina Faso and contrast outcomes with those obtained in a cohort of regular HIV-infected women. METHODS: Prospective study of FSWs and non-FSWs initiated on HAART between August 2004 and October 2007. Patients were followed monthly for drug adherence (interview and pill count), and at 6-monthly intervals for monitoring CD4 counts and HIV-1 plasma viral loads (PVLs) and clinical events. RESULTS: 95 women, including 47 FSWs, were followed for a median of 32 months (interquartile range [IQR], 20-41). At HAART initiation, the median CD4 count was 147 cells/μl (IQR, 79-183) and 144 cells/μl (100-197), and the mean PVLs were 4.94 log10 copies/ml (95% confidence interval [CI], 4.70-5.18) and 5.15 log10 copies/ml (4.97-5.33), in FSWs and non-FSWs, respectively. Four FSWs died during follow-up (mortality rate: 1.7 per 100 person-years) and none among other women. At 36 months, the median CD4 count increase was 230 cells/μl (IQR, 90-400) in FSWs vs. 284 cells/μl (193-420) in non-FSWs; PVL was undetectable in 81.8% (95% CI, 59.7-94.8) of FSWs vs. 100% (83.9-100) of non-FSWs; and high adherence to HAART (> 95% pills taken) was reported by 83.3% (95% CI, 67.2-93.6), 92.1% (95% CI, 78.6-98.3), and 100% (95% CI, 54.1-100) of FSWs at 6, 12, and 36 months after HAART initiation, respectively, with no statistical difference compared to the pattern observed among non-FSWs. CONCLUSIONS: Clinical and biological benefits of HAART can be maintained over the long-term among FSWs in Africa and could also lead to important public health benefits

Strengthening adult mosquito surveillance in Africa for disease control: Learning from the present

Mosquito surveillance is essential to successfully control and eliminate mosquito-borne diseases. Yet, it is often done by numerous organizations with little collaboration, incomplete understanding of existing gaps, and limited long-term vision. There is a clear disconnect between entomological and epidemiological indices, with entomological data informing control efforts inadequately. Here we discuss current mosquito surveillance practises across the heterogenous disease landscape in Africa. We advocate for the development of mosquito surveillance strategic plans to increase the impact and functionality of mosquito surveillance. We urge for a proactive approach to set up centralized mosquito data systems under custodian of national governments, focus on epidemiologically relevant mosquito data and increase robustness of mosquito surveillance using a more spatially explicit sampling design

HIV risk and behaviour among part-time versus professional FSW: baseline report of an interventional cohort in Burkina Faso.

OBJECTIVE: To readjust HIV control programmes in Africa, we assessed the factors associated with high-risk behaviours and HIV infection among young female sex workers (FSW) in Burkina Faso. METHODS: We carried out a cross-sectional study from September 2009 to September 2010 in Ouagadougou, the capital city. FSW were categorised as professionals and part-time sex workers (PTSW). After a face-to-face questionnaire, blood and urine samples were collected for HIV, HSV-2, genital infections and pregnancy. High-risk behaviour was defined as a recent unprotected sex with either casual clients, regular clients or regular partners. RESULTS: We recruited 609 FSW including 188 (30.9%) professionals. Their median age was 21 years (IQR 19-23), and the prevalence of HIV was 10.3% among professionals and 6.5% among PTSW. Only 3 of 46 HIV-infected women were aware of their status. Overall, 277 (45.6%) women reported high-risk behaviours (41.2% among professionals and 47.5% among PTSW), which were driven mainly by non-systematic condom use with regular partners. In multivariable analysis, PTSW (adjusted OR (AOR)=1.89; 95% CI 1.27 to 2.82) and having a primary (AOR=1.75; 95% CI 1.15 to 2.67) or higher education level (AOR=1.80; 95% CI 1.13 to 2.89) remained associated with high-risk behaviours. HIV infection was associated with older age (AOR=1.44; 95% CI 1.22 to 1.71), with being married/cohabiting (AOR=2.70; 95% CI 1.21 to 6.04) and with Trichomonas vaginalis infection (AOR=9.63; 95% CI 2.93 to 31.59), while history of HIV testing was associated with a decreased risk (AOR=0.18; 95% CI 0.08 to 0.40). CONCLUSIONS: This study highlights the need for targeted interventions among young FSW focusing particularly on PTSW, sexual behaviours with regular partners and regular HIV testing

Correction: CT-Angiographic Aspects of Pulmonary Embolism on SARS COV-2

This article details a correction to the article: Tiemtore-Kambou BM-A, Ouédraogo A, Dao SBA, Sieba IFN, Koama A, Traoré IS, Napon S, Ouédraogo W, Sankara HD, Cissé R, Dienderé É. (2023). CT-Angiographic Aspects of Pulmonary Embolism on SARS COV-2. Journal of the Belgian Society of Radiology, 107(1): 22, 1–8. DOI: https://doi.org/10.5334/jbsr.3021

Mosquito (Diptera: Culicidae) Larval Ecology in Rubber Plantations and Rural Villages in Dabou (Côte d'Ivoire)

In Coˆte d’Ivoire, rubber cultivation has more than doubled since 2010. These mass agricultural areas require a large workforce with little information on how this environment might impact risk of mosquitoborne diseases. The objective of this study was to assess the larval ecology of mosquitoes in rubber areas of Dabou, Coˆ te d’Ivoire. From January to June 2017, an entomological survey was conducted of mature (MP) and immature (IP) rubber plantations, as well as in villages surrounded by rubber plantations (SV) and remote from rubber plantations (RV). The number and type of potential and positive breeding sites were recorded, and mosquito larval densities and diversity were estimated. Seven genera divided into 31 species including major vector such as Anopheles gambiae s.l. and Aedes aegypti were identified. A total of 1,660 waterbodies were identified with a larvae positivity rate of 63.1%. A majority of waterbodies were identified in SV (N = 875, 53.4% positivity rate), followed by MP (N = 422, 81.8% positivity rate), IP (N = 194, 72.2% positivity rate) and least in RV (N = 169, 57.4% positivity rate). The most important breeding sites for disease vectors were leaf axils in IP (N = 108, 77.1%), latex collection cups in MP (N = 332, 96.2%) and the containers abandoned in the SV (N = 242, 51.8%) as well as in the RV (N = 59, 60.8%). All these results allow us to affirm that the cultivation of rubber trees has an impact on the larval ecology by increasing the number of available sites and favoring a high larval density and diversity

Is biological larviciding against malaria a starting point for integrated multi-disease control? Observations from a cluster randomized trial in rural Burkina Faso

Objectives To evaluate the impact of anti-malaria biological larviciding with Bacillus thuringiensis israelensis on non-primary target mosquito species in a rural African setting. Methods A total of 127 villages were distributed in three study arms, each with different larviciding options in public spaces: i) no treatment, ii) full or iii) guided intervention. Geographically close villages were grouped in clusters to avoid contamination between treated and untreated villages. Adult mosquitoes were captured in light traps inside and outside houses during the rainy seasons of a baseline and an intervention year. After enumeration, a negative binomial regression was used to determine the reductions achieved in the different mosquito species through larviciding. Results Malaria larviciding interventions showed only limited or no impact against Culex mosquitoes; by contrast, reductions of up to 34% were achieved against Aedes when all detected breeding sites were treated. Culex mosquitoes were captured in high abundance in semi-urban settings while more Aedes were found in rural villages. Conclusions Future malaria larviciding programs should consider expanding onto the breeding habitats of other disease vectors, such as Aedes and Culex and evaluate their potential impact. Since the major cost components of such interventions are labor and transport, other disease vectors could be targeted at little additional cost