Multihop clustering algorithm for load balancing in wireless sensor networks

The paper presents a new cluster based routing algorithm that exploits the redundancy properties of the sensor networks in order to address the traditional problem of load balancing and energy efficiency in the WSNs.The algorithm makes use of the nodes in a sensor network of which area coverage is covered by the neighbours of the nodes and mark them as temporary cluster heads. The algorithm then forms two layers of multi hop communication. The bottom layer which involves intra cluster communication and the top layer which involves inter cluster communication involving the temporary cluster heads. Performance studies indicate that the proposed algorithm solves effectively the problem of load balancing and is also more efficient in terms of energy consumption from Leach and the enhanced version of Leach

Different Approaches For Protein Engineering In Industrial Biotechnology

Protein engineering is the novel field which has wide applications from pharmaceutics, industry, commercial, laundry and research. It may apply rational design or non rational design or both. Site directed mutagenesis is a classical approach involving the protein folding principles and as such different techniques involving multidisciplinary research and broad knowledge is required involving biocomputing of complex data obtained from various sequencing projects and prediction of the future protein structure either chemically or genetically modified. Non rational mutagenesis or directed evolution involves random mutations in the gene encoding protein or shuffling the genes encoding different domains producing a random set of numerous large libraries of mutant proteins, using advanced technology the desired protein can be selected but the exact structure or changes may remain unnoticed

Experimental Investigation and Assessment of Internal Stability of Granular Filters under One-Dimensional Static and Cyclic Loading

Internal instability occurs when the finer fraction of a filter escapes with the infiltrates, causing permanent changes to its particle size distribution and rendering it ineffective. Thus far, numerous criteria based on particle and constriction size distributions have been proposed to assess the potential of internal instability. This paper reports the results of pressure gradient controlled hydraulic tests performed on granular soils including silt-sand-gravel, sand, and sand-gravel mixtures with their uniformity coefficients ranging from 1 to 304 and compacted at varying relative densities between 0 and 100 %. Select dense samples were then subjected to a series of hydraulic tests under static loading up to 100 kPa and cyclic loading up to 30 Hz, simulating subballast filtration under heavy-haul freight trains with speeds as high as 210 km/h. The analysis revealed that the agitation and pore pressure development under cyclic loading promotes premature suffusion, thereby making it the worst case of filtration. An objective evaluation of some of the existing criteria led to a more realistic interpretation of experimental results based on a modified technique that accurately assessed the internal stability of soils under cyclic loading. Results of internal stability assessments from existing geometrical criteria were then compared with those from the proposed technique, which showed enhanced success, thereby contributing to increased confidence in the practical design of granular filters under cyclic conditions

Molecular Bio-imprinting of Biocatalysts

Energy conservation is the cry of the day. Attempts are made all over the world to occupy and use energy reserves. Increased industrialization and mechanization has led to the depletion of natural energy reserves. Its unavoidable to search for renewable sources of energy, which may be not used now but can be used by future generations. We are using the expertise of our ancestors. Thus exploiting the nature and newer techniques in this area would yield the best results. Bio-imprinting is one of those techniques whereby chemical modification is done in order to achieve highly expressed protein which can be stored in its highly active form in the specific solvent

Multihop clustering algorithm for load balancing in wireless sensor networks

The paper presents a new cluster based routing algorithm that exploits the redundancy properties of the sensor networks in order to address the traditional problem of load balancing and energy efficiency in the WSNs.The algorithm makes use of the nodes in a sensor network of which area coverage is covered by the neighbours of the nodes and mark them as temporary cluster heads. The algorithm then forms two layers of multi hop communication. The bottom layer which involves intra cluster communication and the top layer which involves inter cluster communication involving the temporary cluster heads. Performance studies indicate that the proposed algorithm solves effectively the problem of load balancing and is also more efficient in terms of energy consumption from Leach and the enhanced version of Leach

Incidance of Hepatitis B and C in Lady Health Vistor Students at Public Health Nursing School

Objective: To investigate prevalence of hepatitis B and C in lady health visitor students at Public health Nursing School Sahiwal.Material and methods: This study was done at Public Health Nursing School, Sahiwal, and Multan in May 2017. There are two classes of Lady Health Visitor (LHV) in the school, 50 students in each class. Total number of students is 100. Authorization for the study protocol was obtained from the Ethics Committee of Public Health Nursing School, Sahiwal, and informed consent was taken from the patients.  The students are admitted on FSc basis, from Sahiwal, Khanewal and Toba Tek Singh Districts, according to the seats allocated by Govt. to these districts on merit. All the students were included in study. Age of the students ranges between 18 to 24 years. They belonged to both urban and rural areas. Screening of students was done for HCV and HBV. They were educated regarding the mode of spread of HCV and HBV. They were advised to take preventive measures for their safety as well as the safety of patients while attending patients. Those who were not vaccinated for HBV were vaccinated. That whose test was Positive, there PCR was done and treatment started from the DHQ Teaching Hospital Sahiwal. Statistical analysis was performed of the data received through questionnaire form about age and other demographic information, and screening test which was done to identify the positive HCV and HBV cases. Computer software SPSS version 23 was used to statistically analyze the data. Results: All the students of the institution were included in the study. Among 100 students 11 were positive for HCV (11%) and 1 was positive for HBV (1%). Among these 12 cases only 1 was living in urban area and 11 were living in rural areas.Conclusion: Incidence of Hepatitis C is higher in Pakistan and is increasing due to lack of preventive measures. Hepatitis B and C have multiple transmission modes, there is special need to educate people in General and Health Care Professionals in particular to screen each and every patient and take necessary precautions to stop virus transmission. Special attention should be given to educate people in rural areas, including health care professionals, paramedic, quacks, beauticians and barbers. Keywords: Hepatitis B, Hepatitis C, Health care workers, Lady Health visitors