Mechanism of solar radiation in retarding the bioactivity of pharmaceutical active Compounds (PhAs).

Solar radiation exhibited positive impact towards removal of total bacteria count (TBC). Our research has indicated that removal of more than 4 log10 colony forming units (CFU)/100 mL for fecal coliforms (FC), Salmonella spp. and S. aureus after 6 hours of SODIS treatment in secondary effluents and lake water. No re-growth was observed for 8 hours of SODIS treatment in these samples

Anaerobic Digestion Of Mixed Chemical Pulping And Palm Oil Mill Effluent In Suspended Growth Anaerobic Digester.

The feasibility of anaerobic digestion treating palm oil mill effluent (POME) with addition of chemical pulping wastewater (black liquor) was studied in semi-continuous fed digesters under thermophilic (55°C) condition. The anaerobic digestibility of POME with and without addition of black liquor (2.5% and 5% by volume) was compared. Black liquor is an effluent obtained from pulping processes and it has high toxicity level and poor biodegradability. The digesters contained POME without black liquor functioned as a control in this study. The chemical oxygen demand (COD) reduction for hydraulic retention time (HRT) of 5 days and 10 days were examined to evaluate the effect of HRT on the performance of the digesters. The results depicted that COD reduction could be achieved up to 87% in the digester without black liquor and 79% reduction in COD with black liquor added. Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy was used to identify the functional group of POME operated under thermophilic temperatures and with or without addition of black liquor. Differences in the functional group were depicted within ten days HRT for both conditions. The results of this work could be used as a basis to enhance the possibility of anaerobic digestion in treating the chemical pulping wastewater which is initially known difficult to degrade biologically

Sustainable Treatment of Palm Oil Mill Effluent (POME) by using Pectin and Chitosan in Jar Test Protocol – Sequential Comparison

Oil palm industry in Malaysia is developing as demand towards alternative and cheaper edible oil continuously received from the European Union. However, adverse environmental impacts from this activity coupled with laden recalcitrant effluent contribute to the water pollution pose risk to water body and human’s health. The purpose of this research project is to compare the efficiency between Pectin (Heteropolysaccharide) and Chitosan (D-glucosamine) for tertiary treatment of anaerobic-aerobic treated palm oil mill effluent (POME). Factor that affecting the efficiency of the coagulation process such as dosage of coagulant used was studied by using jar-test protocol. From the experimental results, the ideal experimental conditions that remove turbidity, COD and colour were exceptional when using Chitosan. At this condition 83% of turbidity, 88% of TSS, 79% of colour and 53.1% of COD were removed. Nevertheless, it was observed that pH plays dominating factor that contribute to the overall removal efficiency. This research would give an idea on alternative way for tertiary wastewater treatment of POME

Enhancement of cyanobacterial control by fungi degraded palm oil trunk

The elliptic azimuthal anisotropy coefficient (v2) is measured for charm (D0) and strange (K0 S, Λ, Ξ−, and Ω−) hadrons, using a data sample of p þ Pb collisions collected by the CMS experiment, at a nucleonnucleon center-of-mass energy of ffiffiffiffiffiffiffi sNN p ¼ 8.16 TeV. A significant positive v2 signal from long-range azimuthal correlations is observed for all particle species in high-multiplicity p þ Pb collisions. The measurement represents the first observation of possible long-range collectivity for open heavy flavor hadrons in small systems. The results suggest that charm quarks have a smaller v2 than the lighter quarks, probably reflecting a weaker collective behavior. This effect is not seen in the larger PbPb collision system at ffiffiffiffiffiffiffi sNN p ¼ 5.02 TeV, also presented

First report of anatoxin-a encoding gene in isolated cyanobacterial strains from Malaysia

Aims: This study focus on the presence of cyanobacterial toxin in Malaysia and anatoxin-a-encoding gene was detected in this study and the status of cyanobacterial toxins in Malaysia can now be clarified. Methodology and results: As part of status determination of cyanobacterial toxins in Malaysia, cyanobacterial strains have been isolated from different environments and identified using cyanobacterial 16S rRNA gene sequence. PCR assay was carried out to detect the presence of cyanobacterial toxin-encoding genes in these isolated strains by amplifying genes encoded for microcystin, anatoxin-a, cylindrospermopsin and saxitoxin. Using molecular identification of 16S rRNA gene sequences, a total of forty-two cyanobacterial strains were identified, which belongs to eighteen different genera of Synechococcus, Cyanobium, Synechocystis, Chroococcidiopsis, Leptolyngbya, Nodosilinea, Limnothrix, Pseudanabaena, Cephalothrix, Aerosakkonema, Oscillatoria, Alkalinema, Pantanalinema, Planktolyngbya, Scytonema, Nostoc, Hapalosiphon and Symphyonemopsis. The toxicity of these strains was tested using PCR amplification of toxin-encoding genes using specific primers. Conclusion, significance and impact of study: Anatoxin-a (ATX) gene, which involved in the biosynthesis of anatoxin-A was detected in two isolated strains namely Limnothrix sp. B15 and Leptolyngbya sp. D1C10. This study focus on the the presence of cyanobacterial toxin in Malaysia can now be determined as potential threat because anatoxin-a-encoding gene was detected in this study and the status of cyanobacterial toxins in Malaysia can now be clarified. © 2018, Universiti Sains Malaysia

In-sewer aerobic and anaerobic laboratory-scale degradation study of organic pollutants in sewage

The course of the degradation of pollutants in terms of chemical oxygen demand (COD), soluble COD (SCOD), phenols, and anionic surfactants was examined both aerobically and anaerobically in sewer-like conditions. The rates of COD and SCOD degradation under aerobic condition were 0.051 and 0.052 mg/L/h, respectively. COD concentration remained unchanged during anaerobic process. However, SCOD was observed to increase with a production rate of 0.010 mg/L/h. The concentration of phenols was observed to decrease at a rate of 0.0211/h remained constant during the anaerobic process. The same profile was observed in the concentration of anionic surfactants, wherein the rate of degradation was 0.0454/h aerobically, and the concentration profile remained constant

Ciprofloxacin removal from non-clinical environment: A critical review of current methods and future trend prospects

Antibiotics in the environment represent a significant threat to global public health. Ciprofloxacin (CIP) is one of the second generation groups of synthetic fluoroquinolones and the most widely used antibiotics worldwide. The current work aimed to review and analyze the current methods used for eliminating CIP and identify the ap�proaches for more advanced technologies that could provide more removal efficiency for CIP removal from the non-clinical environment. The VOSviewer software tool was used to build and visualize bibliometric networks by creating a map based on bibliographic data for keywords and most countries published on the CIP removal from the Scopus database. The present review analyses the sustainable methods for removing CIP from the non-clinical environment and highlights the most efficient techniques used to remove CIP. The adsorption process of CIP is highly efficient, with a removal percentage of 95%. The microbial electrolysis ultraviolet cell (MEUC) procedure removed 100% of CIP. The degradation of CIP by UV/H2O2/O3 and its sub-processes increased the degradation of CIP from 41.2% to 98.5%. The photocatalytic degradation exhibit 92.81% removal of CIP from wastewater samples. The three-dimensional (3D) porous graphene has excellent adsorption properties to eliminate CIP by 93% in water purification. Each method has advantages and disadvantages based on price, time and presence of toxic by-products. This review is expected to serve as a base for recent research and assist researchers in developing alternative CIP treatment approaches with more efficient removal methods

Effects of Solution Matrix on Moringa oleifera Seeds and Banana Peel in Eliminating Heavy Metals, Fluoride and Turbidity from Synthetic groundwater samples

Plant-based biomass has become an environmental-friendly water purification agent in replacing conventional chemicals. In the previous study, Moringa oleifera (MO) seeds and banana peel (BP) have been selected based on their moderate to high effectiveness in removing lead, cadmium, nickel, arsenic, turbidity, and fluoride from synthetic groundwater samples. This study was aimed to investigate further the effects of solution matrix on the biomass effectiveness. Batch experiments were conducted by using coagulation technique and the initial pH of the solutions was controlled to be at pH 7. The results demonstrate that the removal rates for most of the pollutants in multi-contaminant solution were higher compared to the single-contaminant solution. The reason could be due to electrostatic or mutual interactions between contaminants present in the solution thus improved the removal rates of those contaminants. The findings are significantly important to understand the effects and removal behavior of the biomass in different solution matrix

Long-Term Prediction of Biological Wastewater Treatment Process Behavior via Wiener-Laguerre Network Model

A Wiener-Laguerre model with artificial neural network (ANN) as its nonlinear static part was employed to describe the dynamic behavior of a sequencing batch reactor (SBR) used for the treatment of dye-containing wastewater. The model was developed based on the experimental data obtained from the treatment of an effluent containing a reactive textile azo dye, Cibacron yellow FN-2R, by Sphingomonas paucimobilis bacterium. The influent COD, MLVSS, and reaction time were selected as the process inputs and the effluent COD and BOD as the process outputs. The best possible result for the discrete pole parameter was α=0.44. In order to adjust the parameters of ANN, the Levenberg-Marquardt (LM) algorithm was employed. The results predicted by the model were compared to the experimental data and showed a high correlation with R2>0.99 and a low mean absolute error (MAE). The results from this study reveal that the developed model is accurate and efficacious in predicting COD and BOD parameters of the dye-containing wastewater treated by SBR. The proposed modeling approach can be applied to other industrial wastewater treatment systems to predict effluent characteristics

Optimizing of pharmaceutical active compounds biodegradability in secondary effluents by β-lactamase from Bacillus subtilis using central composite design

Biodegradation of pharmaceuticals active compounds (PACs) in secondary effluents by using B. subtilis 2012WTNC as a function of β-lactamase was optimized using response surface methodology (RSM) designed by central composite design (CCD). Four factors including initial concentration of bacteria (1–6 log10 CFU mL−1), incubation period (1–14 days), incubation temperature (20–40 °C) and initial concentration of PACs (1–5mg L−1) were investigated. The optimal operating factors for biodegradation process determined using response surface methodology (RSM) was recorded with 5.57 log10 CFU mL−1 of B. subtilis, for 10.38 days, at 36.62 °C and with 4.14 mg L−1 of (cephalexin/amoxicillin) with R2 coefficient of 0.99. The biodegradation was 83.81 and 93.94% respectively. The relationship among the independent variables was significant (p < 0.05) with 95% of confidence level at the best operating parameters. The bioassay for PACs after the degradatio