The role of services in rural income : the case of Vietnam

This paper investigates the role of services in the household response to trade reforms in Vietnam. The relative response of the households and income growth after a major trade liberalization in rice are analyzed aiming to answer the following questions: What type of households, in which locations, having access to what type of services, benefited more from the reforms? It focuses on services that have an impact on transaction costs (roads or quality of roads, public transportation, access to credit, extension services, and availability of markets in communication services) because transaction costs are often cited as a barrier to rural households in responding to the price changes and increased incentives offered by trade and other policy reforms. The results suggest that availability of production related services contributes positively to the impact of trade reforms. Although most of the service variables have a positive and significant effect on growth in income, some that are expected to have an impact are not significant. This may be explained by the exceptional coverage of infrastructure services in Vietnam even before the reforms. When service availability is very similar across different localities, household characteristics become more important in determining the response.Transport Economics Policy&Planning,Rural Poverty Reduction,Economic Theory&Research,Housing&Human Habitats

Are low food prices pro-poor ? net food buyers and sellers in low-income countries

There is a general consensus that most of the poor in developing countries are net food buyers and food price increases are bad for the poor. This could be expected of urban poor, but it is also often attributed to the rural poor. Recent food price increases have increased the importance of this issue, and the possible policy responses to these price increases. This paper examines the characteristics of net food sellers and buyers in nine low-income countries. Although the largest share of poor households are found to be net food buyers, almost 50 percent of net food buyers are marginal net food buyers who would not be significantly affected by food price increases. Only three of the nine countries examined exhibited a substantial proportion of vulnerable households. The average incomes (as measured by expenditure) of net food buyers were found to be higher than net food sellers in eight of the nine countries examined. Thus, food price increases, ceteris paribus, would transfer income from generally higher income net food buyers to poorer net food sellers. The analysis also finds that the occupations and income sources of net sellers and buyers in rural areas are significantly different. In rural areas where food production is the main activity and where there are limited non-food activities, the incomes of net buyers might depend on the incomes and farming activities of net food sellers. These results suggest the need for reevaluation of the consensus on the impact of food prices on food needs. Further work on the regional differences, and more important, on the second order effects, are necessary to answer these questions more precisely. Only on the basis of further analysis can we start generating better policy responses.Food&Beverage Industry,Rural Poverty Reduction,,Poverty Lines

LARGE SHAREHOLDERS AND FIRM PERFORMANCE: EVIDENCE FROM TURKEY

Using data for the period 2003-2010 of 164 industrial firms listed on Istanbul Stock Exchange (BIST-Borsa Istanbul), we empirically explore the impact of large shareholders on firm performance measured by ROA and Tobin’s Q. Empirical findings based on panel data analysis suggest that large shareholders have a significantly positive effect on the performance of the firms. In other words, the concentration of corporate ownership overcomes conflict of interest between the small shareholders and the managers. At the same time, in the case when share ownership of the large shareholder exceeds a certain level, once again, we find significant positive relation between large shareholders and firm performance. As a result, while we do not reject the validity of the efficient monitoring hypothesis, but rather the expropriating hypothesis in Turke

Visiting and Office Home Care Workers’ Occupational Health: An Analysis of Workplace Flexibility and Worker Insecurity Measures Associated with Emotional and Physical Health

The home health care sector in Canada experienced major restructuring in the mid-1990s creating a variety of flexibilities for organizations and insecurities for workers. This paper examines the emotional and physical health consequences of employer flexibilities and worker insecurities on home health care workers. For emotional health the focus is on stress and for physical health the focus is on selfreported musculoskeletal disorders. Data come from our survey of home health care workers in a mid-sized city in Ontario, Canada. Data are analyzed separately for 990 visiting and 300 office workers. For visiting workers, results showed that none of the ‘objective’ flexibility/insecurity measures are associated with stress or musculoskeletal disorders controlling for other factors. However, ‘subjective’ flexibility/insecurity factors, i.e. feelings of job insecurity and labour market insecurity, are significantly and positively associated with stress. When stress is included in the analysis, for visiting workers stress mediates the effects of ‘subjective’ flexibility/insecurity with musculoskeletal disorders. For office workers, none of the objective flexibility/insecurity factors are associated with stress but subjective flexibility/insecurity factor of feelings of job insecurity is positively and significantly associated with stress. For office home care workers, work on call is negatively and significantly associated with musculoskeletal disorders. Feeling job insecurity is mediated through stress in affecting musculoskeletal disorders. Feeling labour market insecurity is significantly and positively associated with musculoskeletal disorders for office home care workers. Decision-makers in home care field are recommended to pay attention to insecurities felt by workers to reduce occupational health problems of stress and musculoskeletal disorders.home health care workers, stress, worker insecurity

A data-driven investigation of human action representations

Understanding actions performed by others requires us to integrate different types of information about people, scenes, objects, and their interactions. What organizing dimensions does the mind use to make sense of this complex action space? To address this question, we collected intuitive similarity judgments across two large-scale sets of naturalistic videos depicting everyday actions. We used cross-validated sparse non-negative matrix factorization (NMF) to identify the structure underlying action similarity judgments. A low-dimensional representation, consisting of nine to ten dimensions, was sufficient to accurately reconstruct human similarity judgments. The dimensions were robust to stimulus set perturbations and reproducible in a separate odd-one-out experiment. Human labels mapped these dimensions onto semantic axes relating to food, work, and home life; social axes relating to people and emotions; and one visual axis related to scene setting. While highly interpretable, these dimensions did not share a clear one-to-one correspondence with prior hypotheses of action-relevant dimensions. Together, our results reveal a low-dimensional set of robust and interpretable dimensions that organize intuitive action similarity judgments and highlight the importance of data-driven investigations of behavioral representations

THE EFFECTS OF MATHEMATICAL DISCUSSION ENVIRONMENT SUPPORTED BY METACOGNITIVE PROBLEMS ON THE PROBLEM POSING SKILLS OF 3TH GRADE PRIMARY SCHOOL GRADE STUDENTS

The aim of this research is to examine the effects of mathematical discussion envıronment supported by metacognitive problems on the problem posing skills of grade 3th primary school grade students. The study was carried out based on pre-test and post-test, control group model. Two experiment and one control group were formed from the students who participated in the research. The sample group consists of 52 students who are studying at the third grade level. According to the findings obtained from the research, it is seen that the discussion method supported by metacognitive questions applied in experiment-1 group, is especially effective in the dimensions of problem posing as “Realization of the Components of the Problem (RCP)”, “Identification of the relationship between concept and operation (IRCC)”, “Establishment of the problem requiring desired operation (EPRDO)” and “Posing problems based on the given visual and numerical data (PPGVN)”.   Article visualizations