Growth, movement, and attrition of northern bluefin tuna, Thunnus thynnus, in the Pacific Ocean, as determined by tagging

ENGLISH: The growth of northern bluefin tuna is described by a two-stanza model. For fish between 191 and 564 mm in length the Gompertz curve, with values of 581 mm and 4.32 for Loo and K (annual), respectively, is used. The fish between 564 and 1530 mm grow linearly, at the rate of 0.709 mm per day. Age-O fish tagged and released in the western Pacific Ocean have been recaptured in the western, central, and eastern Pacific. The minimum time between release in the western Pacific and recapture in the eastern Pacific is 215 days. Older fish, mostly Land 2-year olds, tagged and released in the eastern Pacific have been recaptured in the eastern and western Pacific. The minimum time between release in eastern Pacific and recapture in the western Pacific is 674 days. The coefficient of natural mortality is estimated from data on growth and ambient temperature to be 0.276 on an annual basis, with 90-percent confidence limits of 0.161 and 0.47L Spawning of northern bluefin takes place only in the western Pacific. Some of the juveniles migrate to the eastern Pacific, where they reside for several months to several years before returning to the western Pacific. The portion of fish which migrate to the eastern Pacific varies among years, and this appears to be an important cause of the annual variation in the catches in the eastern Pacific Ocean. SPANISH: El crecimiento del atún aleta azul del norte es descrito por un modelo de dos estadios. Para los peces de entre 191 y 564 mm de talla se usa la curva de Gompertz, con valores de 581 mm y 4.32 para Loo y K (anual), respectivamente. Los peces de entre 564 y 1530 mm crecen de forma lineal, a 0.709 mm por día. Peces de edad Omarcados y liberados en el Pacífico occidental han sido recapturados en el Pacífico occidental, central, y oriental. La demora mínima entre la liberación en el Pacífico occidental y la recaptura en el Pacífico oriental es de 215 días. Peces mayores, principalmente de 1 ó 2 años de edad, marcados y liberados en el Pacífico oriental han sido re capturados en el Pacífico occidental y oriental. La demora mínima entre la liberación en el Pacífico oriental y la recaptura en el Pacífico occidental es de 674 días. Se estima el coeficiente de mortalidad natural a partir de los datos de crecimiento y temperatura ambiental en un 0.276 anual, con límites de confianza al 90% de 0.161 y 0.471. El aleta azul del norte desova únicamente en el Pacífico occidental. Algunos de los juveniles migran al Pacífico oriental, donde permanecen entre varios meses y varios años antes de regresar al Pacífico occidental. La porción de los peces que migran al Pacífico oriental varía entre años, y ésto parece ser una causa importante de la variación anual en las capturas en el Océano Pacífico oriental. (PDF contains 94 pages.

Efficient generation of highly squeezed light and second harmonic wave with periodically poled MgO:LiNbO_3

We report on effective generation of continuous-wave squeezed light and second harmonics with a periodically poled MgO:LiNbO$_{\mathrm{3}}$ (PPMgLN) crystal which enables us to utilize the large nonlinear optical coefficient $d_{\mathrm{33}}$. We achieved the squeezing level of $-7.60 \pm 0.15$dB at 860 nm by utilizing a subthreshol optical parametric oscillator with a PPMgLN crystal. We also generated 400 mW of second harmonics at 430 nm from 570 mW of fundamental waves with 70% of conversion efficiency by using a PPMgLN crystal inside an external cavity.Comment: 4 pages, 3 figure

Observations of IRAS F10214+4724 at the Nobeyama millimeter array

F10214+4724 is an IRAS source at z=2.286 with L(sub FIR) approximately 10(exp 14) solar luminosity. The CO(3-2) emission was detected at the NRAO 12-m telescope, and its molecular gas mass was estimated to be (1-3)x10(exp 11) solar mass. This object is unique and important because it is the first high-z object from which molecular line emission is detected and it enables us to investigate molecular gas content, star forming material, at an early stage of galactic evolution. If IRAS F10214+4724 is a primeval galaxy at the formation process, it is possible the gas has not been collapsed yet to the galactic scale. On the other hand, it is also possible IRAS F10214+4724 is a merging or interacting system like the most of ultra-luminous infrared galaxies. However, since the first detection was made with a medium size single-dish telescope, the precise position, extent, and distribution of the molecular gas had not been determined. The aim of our aperture synthesis observations is therefore to determine position and distribution of molecular gas

Effects of shading and high-temperature treatments on appearance quality of brown rice and palatability of cooked rice

We examined the appearance quality and palatability of milled rice for each grain-thickness group. The rice cultivars, Nipponbare and Hinohikari, were cultivated at the paddy field of Field Science Center, Okayama University in 2009. For high-temperature treatment, both sides of the transparent chamber were opened when the temperature exceeded 36 degrees C, and closed when lower than 25 degrees C, and 50% shading treatment with black cloth was applied during the grain-filling period. After harvesting, the grains of brown rice were sorted according to thickness using a rice grader, and classified into eight grain thickness groups, less than 1.6, 1.7, 1.8, 1.9, 2.0, 2.1, 2.2, and over 2.2mm. The appearance quality of grains was measured, and milled grains were cooked, and the palatability and physical properties were measured. The brown rice yield in high-temperature plots was 10-21% less than control due to the decrease in the ripening percentage and 1000-grains weight. Yield in the shading plot dropped to 16-24% less than control mainly due to the decrease in the ripening percentage. The percentage occupation of grains with 1.8-1.9mm thickness was higher in Hinohikari than Nipponbare. In high-temperature plots, thickness of 1.8-2.0mm decreased and thickness of higher than 2.0mm increased in both cultivars. The shading treatment increased thickness of lower than 1.9mm markedly. It was cleared that the shading decreased grain thickening growth and grains was distributed more among thinner groups, and high-temperature promoted the grain thickening growth despite the decrease in 1000-grains weight. In both cultivars, the lower the grain thickness group, the lower the percentage of perfect grain due to the increase in the percentage of chalky grain. The palatability value of milled rice was greater in Hinohikari than Nipponbare. The lower the grain thickness group, the lower the palatability value and stickiness, and those tendencies were remarkable in Nipponbare than Hinohikari. The shading and high-temperature treatments decreased the palatability value and the stickiness, especially in Nipponbare. The palatability value decreased with lower the grain thickness group due to an increase in the percentage occupation of chalky grains

CO mapping of the nuclear region of NGC 6946 and IC 342 with Nobeyama millimeter array

CO observations of nearby galaxies with nuclear active star forming regions (and starburst galaxies) with angular resolutions around 7 seconds revealed that molecular bars with a length of a few kiloparsecs have been formed in the central regions of the galaxies. The molecular bar is interpreted as part of shock waves induced by an oval or barred potential field. By shock dissipation or dissipative cloud-cloud collisions, the molecular gas gains an infall motion and the nuclear star formation activity is fueled. But the distribution and kinematics of the molecular gas in the nuclear regions, which are sites of active star formation, remain unknown. Higher angular resolutions are needed to investigate the gas in the nuclear regions. Researchers made aperture synthesis observations of the nuclear region of the late-type spiral galaxies NGC 6946 and IC 342 with resolutions of 7.6 seconds x 4.2 seconds (P.A. = 147 deg) and 2.4 seconds x 2.3 seconds (P.A. = 149 deg), respectively. The distances to NGC 6496 and IC 342 are assumed to be 5.5 Mpc and 3.9 Mpc, respectively. Researchers have found 100-300 pc nuclear gas disk and ring inside a few kpc molecular gas bars. Researchers present the results of the observations and propose a possible mechanism of active star formation in the nuclear region

Demands and Movements of Japanese Women after World WarⅡ

This article outlines what Japanese women have demanded and worked for after World War II.During the period of high economic growth in the 1960s,there were judicial struggles for childcare movements and gender equality in the workplace. TheInternational Women\u27s Year of 1975 influenced women\u27s policies andstrengthened ties with women around the world. The number of female workers has continued to increase in the 21st century, but there are many non-regular employees

NMA Survey of CO and HCN Emission from Nearby Active Galaxies

High resolution (a few arcseconds) observations of CO(1-0) and HCN(1-0) emission from nearby Seyfert galaxies have been conducted with the Nobeyama Millimeter Array. Based on the observed CO distributions and kinematics,we suggest that a small scale (a few 100 pc - a few kpc) distortion of the underlying potential seems to be necessary for Seyfert activity, although it is not a sufficient condition. We also find that the Toomre's Q values in the centers of Seyfert galaxies tend to be larger than unity, indicating the circumnuclear molecular gas disks around Seyfert nuclei would be gravitationally stable. The HCN/CO integrated intensity ratios (R_HCN/CO) range over an order of magnitude, from 0.086 to 0.6. The Seyfert galaxies with high R_HCN/CO may have an extended (r ~ 100 pc scale) envelope of obscuring material. The presence of kpc scale jet/ outflow might be also related to the extremely high R_HCN/CO.Comment: To appear in the Proceedings of the 3rd Cologne-Zermatt Symposium, ``The Physics and Chemistry of the Interstellar Medium'

NRO/OVRO CO(1-0) survey: central regions of nearby spiral galaxies

We have done a CO(1-0) imaging survey of the central regions of nearby spiral galaxies using the Nobeyama and Owens Valley Millimeter Arrays. The survey aims to reveal the nuclear gas properties in normal galaxies that have been paid relatively little attention compared to Seyferts, mergers, and ultraluminous IRAS galaxies. The sample consists of 20 galaxies that meet the following criteria: (1) i +5° (3) I_(CO) dV ≥ 10 K(T∗_A)km s^(−1) in the FCRAO Extragalactic CO Survey (4) no evidence of significant perturbation (e.g. merging). No selection was made on the basis of nuclear activity or IRAS data. The average distance of the galaxies is 15 Mpc and the average linear resolution is 300 pc