The moderator effect of personality traits on performance appraisal effectiveness

The performance appraisals systems constitute an integral part of any career development process. Many organizations are facing problems regarding their performance appraisal systems. The main goal of the current research is to determine the moderating role of 5 Big Personality Traits in relation to performance appraisal systems and their effectiveness. The study adopted a quantitative approach using self-administered questionnaires. The Systemic Justice Scales to study the performance of employees and effectiveness of appraisals, and Big Five Inventory for moderating variables were used to identify the role of personality in the performance appraisal system. The present study based on convenience sampling was conducted on 706 employees of a Commercial Banking Sector in Pakistan. Linear and moderated regressions analyses were conducted to examine straight and moderated relationships. The findings from the study indicated that there is a significant relationship between perceived fairness, appraisal satisfaction and elimination of rating errors with effectiveness of performance appraisal. On the contrary, personality traits as a moderator revealed that extraversion and conscientiousness exhibit a significant moderating role between appraisal satisfaction, performance feedback and effectiveness of performance appraisal. Besides that, the results showed that the conscientiousness does moderate the relationship between appraisal satisfaction, elimination of rating errors and effectiveness of performance. Another moderator, openness to experience shows that it has a significant moderating role between elimination of rating error and effectiveness of performance. Guidelines are provided and recommended to human resource practitioners, academicians and researchers to consider personality during the process of performance appraisal in organizations for the improvement of effectiveness in performance appraisal processes

Financial Development and Economic Growth:The Role of Energy Consumption

The study investigates financial development and economic growth nexus, incorporating use of energy resources for Pakistan for 1980-2016, using Johansen co-integration and granger causality approach. The results of Johansen test for co-integration show the link between financial development, energy and economic growth in the long time span. The findings of granger causation test uncovered a two-way causality between capital and economic growth. The one-way causality exists from economic growth in energy and financial development. The findings also exposed the one-way causality from capital formation and exports to use of energy. The government should take steps to make financial sectors stronger as it has a great role in increasing the growth of an economy

Molecular estimation of alteration in intestinal microbial composition in Hashimoto's thyroiditis patients

The gut microbiota has a crucial effect on human health and physiology. Hypothyroid Hashimoto’s thyroiditis (HT) is an autoimmune disorder manifested with environmental and genetic factors. However, it is hypothesized that intestinal microbes might play a vital role in the pathogenesis of HT. The aim of current was to investigate and characterize the gut microbial composition of HT patients both quantitatively and qualitatively. The fecal samples from 29 HT patients and 12 healthy individuals were collected. The PCR-DGGE targeted V3 site of 16S rRNA gene and real time PCR for Bifidobacterium Lactobacillus, Bacteroides vulgatus and Clostridium leptum were performed. Pyrosequencing of 16S rRNA gene with V4 location was performed on 20 randomly selected samples. The comparative analysis of diversity and richness indices revealed diversification of gut microbiota in HT as compared to control. The statistical data elucidate the alterations in phyla of HT patients which was also affirmed at the family level. We observed the declined abundance of Prevotella_9 and Dialister, while elevated genera of the diseased group included Escherichia-Shigella and Parasutterella. The alteration in gut microbial configuration was also monitored at the species level, which showed an increased abundance of E. coli in HT. Therefore, the current study is in agreement with the hypothesis that HT patients have intestinal microbial dysbiosis. The taxa statistics at species-level along with each gut microbial community were modified in HT. Thus, the current study may offer the new insights into the treatment of HT patients, disease pathway, and mechanism

Gut-Thyroid axis: How gut microbial dysbiosis associated with euthyroid thyroid cancer

Thyroid cancer in humans has a fast-growing prevalence, with the most common lethal endocrine malignancy for unknown reasons. The current study was aimed to perform qualitative and quantitative investigation and characterization of the gut bacterial composition of euthyroid thyroid cancer patients. The fecal samples were collected from sixteen euthyroid thyroid cancer patients and ten from healthy subjects. The PCR-DGGE was conducted by targetting the V3 region of 16S rRNA gene, as well as real-time PCR for Bacteroides vulgatus, E.coli Bifidobacterium, Clostridium leptum and Lactobacillus were carried. High-throughput sequencing of V3+V4 region of 16S rRNA gene was performed on Hiseq 2500 platform on 20 (10 healthy & 10 diseased subjects) randomly selected fecal samples. The richness indices and comparative diversity analysis showed significant gut microbial modification in euthyroid thyroid cancer than control. At phylum level, there was significant enrichment of Firmicutes, Verrucomicrobia, while a significant decrease in Bacteroidetes was detected in the experimental group. At family statistics, significant high levels of Ruminococcaceae and Verrucomicrobiaceae, while the significant lower abundance of Bacteroidaceae, Prevotellaceae, Porphyromonadaceae, and Alcaligenaceae was after observed. It also found that the significantly raised level of Escherichia-Shigella, Akkermansia [Eubacterium]_coprostanoligenes, Dorea, Subdoligranulum, and Ruminococcus_2 genera, while significantly lowered genera of the patient group were Prevotella_9, Bacteroides and Klebsiella. The species-level gut microbial composition showed a significantly raised level of Escherichia coli in euthyroid thyroid cancer. Thus, this study reveals that euthyroid thyroid cancer patients have significant gut microbial dysbiosis. Moreover, Statistics (P<0.05) of each gut microbial taxa were significantly changed in euthyroid thyroid cancer patients. Therefore, the current study may propose new approaches to understanding thyroid cancer patients' disease pathways, mechanisms, and treatment

Tort Penalty on the Judge in the Light of Legal Maxims and Pakistani’s Laws

A judge should be honest, transparent, free and fair. He should always respect law. The question arises that if a judge who disrespects law and makes unbalanced decisions: as a result of which people get affected then will he or she be penalized? The Ḥanafi Scholars opine that if a judge passes a wrong decision intentionally, he should be penalized from his own property. Because in Islamic jurisprudence, judiciary owns a supremacy over the masses and everyone irrespective of the position is equal and has to obey law. Whether he is a judge or a commoner, he has to follow the rules and regulations as prescribed by law. In practice, Pakistani judges are not held responsible for making a wrong verdict. Our judges make judgments on the basis of already manipulated evidence. A judge bars himself from the responsibility of collecting evidence. Similarly, if a judge has developed personal grudges with the criminal then the criminal reserves right of appealing the higher court where the decision is reviewed and rectified. In such situation, there is a compulsion between the legal maxim "وَالْأَصْلُ عَدَمُ الضَّمَان" and the Pakistani laws. However, Ḥanafi jurisprudence and Pakistani Laws are not in accordance with each other. This study concentrates upon the nature of punishment and tort to be applied on judges in case of making a decision based on falsehood. It is suggested that Pakistan’s Judiciary should be reread as that the already in-practice system does not comply with the standards of Islamic teachings

Tort Penalty on the Judge, in the Light of Legal Maxims and Pakistani’s Laws= جج پر ضمان: فقہی قواعد اور پاکستانی قانون میں تطبیق

A judge should be honest, transparent, free and fair. He should always respect law. The question arises that if a judge who disrespects law and makes unbalanced decisions: as a result of which people get affected then will he or she be penalized? The Ḥanafi Scholars opine that if a judge passes a wrong decision intentionally, he should be penalized from his own property. Because in Islamic jurisprudence, judiciary owns a supremacy over the masses and everyone irrespective of the position is equal and has to obey law. Whether he is a judge or a commoner, he has to follow the rules and regulations as prescribed by law. In practice, Pakistani judges are not held responsible for making a wrong verdict. Our judges make judgments on the basis of already manipulated evidence. A judge bars himself from the responsibility of collecting evidence. Similarly, if a judge has developed personal grudges with the criminal then the criminal reserves right of appealing the higher court where the decision is reviewed and rectified. In such situation, there is a compulsion between the legal maxim "وَالْأَصْلُ عَدَمُ الضَّمَان" and the Pakistani laws. However, Ḥanafi jurisprudence and Pakistani Laws are not in accordance with each other. This study concentrates upon the nature of punishment and tort to be applied on judges in case of making a decision based on falsehood. It is suggested that Pakistan’s Judiciary should be reread as that the already in-practice system does not comply with the standards of Islamic teachings

To investigate the factors analysis of effectiveness of performance appraisal and big five personality trait through exploratory factor analysis

Main aspect of human development is the career development. The performance appraisals systems constitute the integral part of career development process. But most of the organizations are faced with critical comments regarding performance appraisal systems. Inquiry is the tool to develop and expand the boundaries of science and innovation in knowledge. To enhance the knowledge in research, authorities are conducting and administering the fundamentals research, practical and developmental, for the innovation of knowledge research centers and universities contributing to extend the knowledge and science in all fields and put forward some incorporated solutions for the challenges which are facing humans. Due to unavoidable requirements of research centers periodical study on the research centers performance is required, in order to make out relevant research centers and find out the effective factors of performance appraisal. Precisely, major focus of current research is to examine the determinants of effectiveness of performance appraisal and role of personality traits factors evaluating banking employees' performance. The study adopted a quantitative approach; using self-administered questionnaires, distributed in staffs of all commercial banks. In selection of sample, multistage sampling technique was used in first stage, branches of banks were selected on the basis of cluster sampling technique and in second, a total of 706 participants were selected on the bases of convenience sampling technique. Contemplate factors were analyzed through appropriate statistical analyses like exploratory factor analysis. We used factor analysis to analyze the factor items through exploratory factor analysis

'Amal Al-Yaum wa Al-Lailah

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