Use of Specific Chemical Reagents for Detection of Modified Nucleotides in RNA

Naturally occurring cellular RNAs contain an impressive number of chemically distinct modified residues which appear posttranscriptionally, as a result of specific action of the corresponding RNA modification enzymes. Over 100 different chemical modifications have been identified and characterized up to now. Identification of the chemical nature and exact position of these modifications is typically based on 2D-TLC analysis of nucleotide digests, on HPLC coupled with mass spectrometry, or on the use of primer extension by reverse transcriptase. However, many modified nucleotides are silent in reverse transcription, since the presence of additional chemical groups frequently does not change base-pairing properties. In this paper, we give a summary of various chemical approaches exploiting the specific reactivity of modified nucleotides in RNA for their detection

Combined in silico and experimental identification of the Pyrococcus abyssi H/ACA sRNAs and their target sites in ribosomal RNAs

How far do H/ACA sRNPs contribute to rRNA pseudouridylation in Archaea was still an open question. Hence here, by computational search in three Pyrococcus genomes, we identified seven H/ACA sRNAs and predicted their target sites in rRNAs. In parallel, we experimentally identified 17 Ψ residues in P. abyssi rRNAs. By in vitro reconstitution of H/ACA sRNPs, we assigned 15 out of the 17 Ψ residues to the 7 identified H/ACA sRNAs: one H/ACA motif can guide up to three distinct pseudouridylations. Interestingly, by using a 23S rRNA fragment as the substrate, one of the two remaining Ψ residues could be formed in vitro by the aCBF5/aNOP10/aGAR1 complex without guide sRNA. Our results shed light on structural constraints in archaeal H/ACA sRNPs: the length of helix H2 is of 5 or 6 bps, the distance between the ANA motif and the targeted U residue is of 14 or 15 nts, and the stability of the interaction formed by the substrate rRNA and the 3′-guide sequence is more important than that formed with the 5′-guide sequence. Surprisingly, we showed that a sRNA–rRNA interaction with the targeted uridine in a single-stranded 5′-UNN-3′ trinucleotide instead of the canonical 5′-UN-3′ dinucleotide is functional

Antagonistic factors control the unproductive splicing of SC35 terminal intron

Alternative splicing is regulated in part by variations in the relative concentrations of a variety of factors, including serine/arginine-rich (SR) proteins. The SR protein SC35 self-regulates its expression by stimulating unproductive splicing events in the 3′ untranslated region of its own pre-mRNA. Using various minigene constructs containing the terminal retained intron and flanking exons, we identified in the highly conserved last exon a number of exonic splicing enhancer elements responding specifically to SC35, and showed an inverse correlation between affinity of SC35 and enhancer strength. The enhancer region, which is included in a long stem loop, also contains repressor elements, and is recognized by other RNA-binding proteins, notably hnRNP H protein and TAR DNA binding protein (TDP-43). Finally, in vitro and in cellulo experiments indicated that hnRNP H and TDP-43 antagonize the binding of SC35 to the terminal exon and specifically repress the use of SC35 terminal 3′ splice site. Our study provides new information about the molecular mechanisms of SC35-mediated splicing activation. It also highlights the existence of a complex network of self- and cross-regulatory mechanisms between splicing regulators, which controls their homeostasis and offers many ways of modulating their concentration in response to the cellular environment

Etude des dérégulations de l'épissage alternatif du pré-ARN messager de la troponine T cardiaque humaine associées aux dystrophies myotoniques de types 1 et 2 et des caractéristiques du facteur d'épissage MBNL1 impliqué dans ces pathologies

Les amplifications de répétitions de triplets CTG dans le gène DMPK humain sont à l'origine de la dystrophie myotonique de type 1 ou DM1. Les répétitions CUG présentes dans les ARNm DMPK séquestrent le facteur d'épissage MBNL1 au sein de foci nucléaires et dérégulent l'épissage des pré-ARNm cibles de MBNL1. Par ailleurs, 9 isoformes de MBNL1, produites par épissage alternative, coexistent dans les cellules. Dans un premier temps nous avons recherché quels exons constitutifs ou alternatifs étaient requis pour la reconnaissance des ARN, la régulation de l'épissage et la localisation cellulaire de MBNL1. Nous avons ensuite entrepris de rechercher par l'approche SELEX les séquences de haute affinité pour MBNL1. Nous avons ainsi identifié une séquence conservée de 12 nucléotides de long, contenant un seul motif de fixation pour MBNL1 et adoptant une structuration tige-boucle particulière. L'importance de cette structuration a été confirmée par l'existence de mutants compensatoires au sein des ARN sélectionnés. Finalement nous avons étudié les mécanismes de régulation de l'inclusion de l'exon 5 du pré-ARNm de la troponine T cardiaque humaine (hcTNT). Une approche in cellulo nous a permis d'identifier les séquences minimales requises pour la régulation de l'épissage en conditions normales et en présence des répétitions CUG. Au sein de ces séquences nous avons identifié 6 nouveaux sites MBNL1 dont nous avons montré l'importance fonctionnelle in cellulo et in vitro. Nous avons également mis en évidence l'implication d'autres séquences régulatrices dans la régulation de l'inclusion de l'exon 5 du pré-ARNm hcTNT et un rôle de la protéine hnRNP H dans ces régulations. L'ensemble de ces données apportent de nouveaux éléments d'information importants pour la compréhension de la DM1Amplifications of CTG motifs in the human DMPK gene are responsible for Myotonic Dystrophy of type 1. The resulting CUG repeats in pre-mRNAs capture the MBNL1 splicing factor, leading to mis-regulation of MBNL1 pre-mRNA targets. Due to the recent discovery of MBNL1 and its numerous isoforms (9) resulting from alternative splicing, little is known on how MBNL1 regulates splicing and how a decreased level of available MBNL1 generates splicing miss-regulations. First, we defined which of the MBNL1 alternative and constitutive exons are required for: i) RNA binding, ii) splicing activity and, iii) MBNL1 sub-cellular localization. Second, for a more precise definition of the MBNL1 RNA binding properties, we performed SELEX experiments using a library of RNA stem-loop structures containing a 18-nt long randomized sequence. Its leads to the identification of 12-nt long sequence adopting a peculiar stem-loop structure, whose importance for MBNL1 binding was revealed by its preservation by compensatory base-pair mutations. Finally, based on the above data, we studied the mechanisms involved in regulation of hcTNT exon 5 splicing. By in cellulo assays, we defined the hcTNT pre-mRNA region required for both normal inclusion and for the trans-dominant effect of CUG repeats. Within this region, we identified six new potential MBNL1 sites and demonstrated their functional role by in vitro and in cellulo assays. We also identified several additional splicing regulatory elements involved in normal and CUG-deregulated exon 5 inclusion and already showed a role of hnRNP H in splicing regulation. Altogether, our data bring new information important for understanding the pathologyNANCY1-Bib. numérique (543959902) / SudocSudocFranceF

The Saccharomyces cerevisiae Pus2 protein encoded by YGL063w ORF is a mitochondrial tRNA:Ψ27/28-synthase

The RNA:pseudouridine (Ψ)-synthase family is one of the most complex families of RNA modification enzymes. Ten genes encoding putative RNA:Ψ-synthases have been identified in S. cerevisiae. Most of the encoded enzymes have been characterized experimentally. Only the putative RNA:Ψ-synthase Pus2p (encoded by the YGL063w ORF) had no identified substrate. Here, we analyzed Ψ residues in cytoplasmic and mitochondrial tRNAs extracted from S. cerevisiae strains, carrying disruptions in the PUS1 and/or PUS2 ORFs. Our results demonstrate that Pus2p is a mitochondrial-specific tRNA:Ψ-synthase acting at positions 27 and 28 in tRNAs. The importance of the Asp56 residue in the conserved ARTD motif of the Pus2p catalytic site is demonstrated in vivo. Interestingly, in spite of the absence of a characteristic N-terminal targeting signal, our data strongly suggest an efficient and rapid targeting of Pus2p in yeast mitochondria. In contradiction with the commonly held idea that a unique nuclear gene encodes the enzyme required for both cytoplasmic and mitochondrial tRNA modifications, here we show the existence of an enzyme specifically dedicated to mitochondrial tRNA modification (Pus2p), the corresponding modification in cytoplasmic tRNAs being catalyzed by another protein (Pus1p)

A crucial role for GW182 and the DCP1:DCP2 decapping complex in miRNA-mediated gene silencing

In eukaryotic cells degradation of bulk mRNA in the 5′ to 3′ direction requires the consecutive action of the decapping complex (consisting of DCP1 and DCP2) and the 5′ to 3′ exonuclease XRN1. These enzymes are found in discrete cytoplasmic foci known as P-bodies or GW-bodies (because of the accumulation of the GW182 antigen). Proteins acting in other post-transcriptional processes have also been localized to P-bodies. These include SMG5, SMG7, and UPF1, which function in nonsense-mediated mRNA decay (NMD), and the Argonaute proteins that are essential for RNA interference (RNAi) and the micro-RNA (miRNA) pathway. In addition, XRN1 is required for degradation of mRNAs targeted by NMD and RNAi. To investigate a possible interplay between P-bodies and these post-transcriptional processes we depleted P-body or essential pathway components from Drosophila cells and analyzed the effects of these depletions on the expression of reporter constructs, allowing us to monitor specifically NMD, RNAi, or miRNA function. We show that the RNA-binding protein GW182 and the DCP1:DCP2 decapping complex are required for miRNA-mediated gene silencing, uncovering a crucial role for P-body components in the miRNA pathway. Our analysis also revealed that inhibition of one pathway by depletion of its key effectors does not prevent the functioning of the other pathways, suggesting a lack of interdependence in Drosophila

Pseudouridylation at Position 32 of Mitochondrial and Cytoplasmic tRNAs Requires Two Distinct Enzymes in Saccharomyces cerevisiae

International audienceCytoplasmic and mitochondrial tRNAs contain several pseudouridylation sites, and the tRNA:-synthase acting at position 32 had not been identified in Saccha-romyces cerevisiae. By combining genetic and biochemical analyses, we demonstrate that two enzymes, Rib2/ Pus8p and Pus9p, are required for 32 formation in cytoplasmic and mitochondrial tRNAs, respectively. Pus9p acts mostly in mitochondria, and Rib2/Pus8p is strictly cytoplasmic. This is the first case reported so far of two distinct tRNA modification enzymes acting at the same position but present in two different compartments. This peculiarity may be the consequence of a gene fusion that occurred during yeast evolution. Indeed , Rib2/Pus8p displays two distinct catalytic activities involved in completely unrelated metabolism: its C-terminal domain has a DRAP-deaminase activity required for riboflavin biogenesis in the cytoplasm, whereas its N-terminal domain carries the tRNA:32-synthase activity. Pus9p has only a tRNA:32-synthase activity and contains a characteristic mitochondrial targeting sequence at its N terminus. These results are discussed in terms of RNA:-synthase evolution