Antioxidant effect of oleic acid and hydroxytyrosol in an experimental model similar to Huntington’s disease

Los radicales libres juegan un papel fundamental en la alteración neuronal que tiene lugar en enfermedades neurodegenerativas y en el envejecimiento cerebral. Se ha asociado la dieta Mediterránea con la reducción del riesgo de padecer enfermedades neurodegenerativas. Objetivos. Este estudio fue diseñado para probar si el ácido oleico y el hidroxitirosol, componentes del aceite de oliva virgen-extra, ejercen un efecto antioxidante protector en el cerebro ante el estrés oxidativo inducido por el ácido 3-nitropropiónico. Métodos. El ácido 3-nitropropiónico se administró intraperitonealmente a una dosis de 20 mg/kg de peso durante cuatro días consecutivos. El ácido oleico (con una dosis del 4% de calorías ingeridas diariamente por el animal) y el hidroxitirosol (2,5 mg/kg de peso en solución acuosa) se administraron durante 14 días a ratas Wistar. Resultados. El ácido 3-nitropropiónico causó un aumento de la peroxidación lipídica y de la actividad de la glutatión peroxidasa, y una reducción en la concentración de glutatión reducido. Los resultados obtenidos además demuestran que el ácido oleico y el hidroxitirosol reducen los niveles de los productos de peroxidación lipídica y bloquean el agotamiento del glutatión reducido en el cerebro tras la administración de ácido 3-nitropropiónico. Conclusión. Tanto el ácido oleico como el hidroxitirosol actúan como potentes antioxidantes frente al estrés oxidativo inducido por el ácido 3-nitropropiónico.Free radicals play an important role in neuronal alterations during the progression of neurodegenerative disorders and brain aging. Mediterranean-style diet has been associated to a reduction in the risk to develop neurodegenerative disorders. Objectives. This study was designed to test whether oleic acid and hydroxytyrosol, both components of extra-virgin olive oil, exert an antioxidant and protective effect in the brain subjected to oxidative stress induced by 3-nitropropionic acid. Methods. 3-Nitropropionic acid was administered intraperitoneally to animals at a dose of 20 mg/kg for 4 consecutive days. Oleic acid (given at a dose equivalent to 4% of the calories ingested every day per animal) and hydroxytyrosol (2,5 mg/kg, dissolved in aqueoussolution) were administered during 14 consecutive days to Wistar rats. Results. 3-Nitropropionic acid caused increased levels of lipid peroxidation and glutathione peroxidase activity, and a depletion in the concentration of reduced glutathione. Our findings also demonstrate that oleic acid and hydroxytyrosol reduce the levels of lipid peroxidation and prevent the depletion of reduced glutathione in the brain induced by the administration of 3-nitropropionic acid. Conclusion. Both oleic acid and hydroxytyrosol act as potent antioxidants against the oxidative damage induced by 3-nitropropionic acid

An analysis of code mixing used in the novel Long Distance Hearts 2 by @LongDistance_R

This research concern with a sociolinguistics study. It is focused on thecode mixing theory. Nowadays some people often use code mixing in their dailycommunication. Code mixing becomes familiar in among, teenanger, old human even child. Most of them speak using code mixing. They used code mixing toavoid missunderstanding, this is also to show that code mixing can increase their ability to speak more than one languange. In this research, the researcher wants to analysis code mixing which exist in the novel entitled “Long Distance Hearts 2”The aims of this research is to describe the forms of code mixing used in the novel of Long Distance Hearts 2 and explain the reason of using code mixingin the novel of Long Distance Hearts 2.This research used descriptive qualitative method. This method used to explore and understanding the meaning individuals or group about the form ofcode mixing and the reason of using code mixing based on the data that gainedthrough reading the novel then selecting the form which exist in those novel. The last, explain the reason of using code mixing in the novel.The result of this research show that there are six forms which appear in the novel, they are insertion of word, insertion of phrase, insertion of hybrid,insertion of word reduplication, insertion of idiom and the last insertion of clause.Meanwhile, the reason of using code mixing are talking about particular topic,interjection, repetition used for clarification,intention of clarifying the speechcontent for interlocutor. Three reasons that are quoting somebody else, expressinggroup identity and being emphatic about something did not found in those novel. The researcher hopes this research can give the benefit to everyone especially to the reader and English Department student. The researcher alsohopes this research can increase the knowledge and can apply in the society sothat they have a bilingual speech

Influence of handgrip strength in oxidative stress in children

El ejercicio físico puede producir estrés oxidativo en el individuo lo que pueden condicionar el riesgo cardiovascular en niños y adolescentes. Este estudio pretende analizar el estrés oxidativo según la fuerza muscular isométrica de las extremidades superiores en la edad pediátrica. Se estudiaron 70 niños sanos con edades entre 10 y 14 años, y se analizaron en saliva los lipoperóxidos (LPO), el glutatión reducido (GSH), la ratio GSH/LPO y la catalasa, como marcadores de estrés oxidativo. La muestra se dividió en dos grupos según una condición física superior o inferior medida a través de dinamometría manual (TKK 5110); se diferenció la serie en sujetos prepuberales y puberales. Se encontraron niveles significativamente inferiores de GSH y GSH/LPO en el grupo de niños con fuerza superior, y en los puberales con la mismas características; estos resultados podrían indicar la existencia de un mayor estrés oxidativo en esta situación. En conclusión, los mayores niveles de fuerza músculo esquelética, medida a través de dinamometría manual, posiblemente pueden estar asociados a un mayor estrés oxidativo en niños púberes con condición física musculoesquelética superior.Physical exercise can produce oxidative stress, this situation could contribute cardiovascular risk in children and adolescents. The following study tries to evaluate the oxidative stress produced according to the handgrip strength in infancy. 70 healthy male subjects, ages 10 to 14 years, were studied. In the saliva samples, lipoperoxides (LPO), reduced glutathione (GSH), glutathione/lipoperoxides ratio and catalase were analyzed as biomarkers of oxidative stress. Children were divided into two groups according to their handgrip strength (high or low) measured by handgrip strength (TKK 5110). The groups were also divided into prepubertal and pubertal subjects. We found GSH’s significantly low levels and of GSH/LPO in pubertal group with high handgrip strength. We could possibly conclude that the higher levels of handgrip strength could be associated with more oxidative stress in pubertal group with high fitness

Influencia de la fuerza muscular isométrica de las extremidades superiores en el estrés oxidativo en niños. (Influence of handgrip strength in oxidative stress in children).

<b>Resumen</b><p align="justify">El ejercicio físico puede producir estrés oxidativo en el individuo lo que pueden condicionar el riesgo cardiovascular en niños y adolescentes. Este estudio pretende analizar el estrés oxidativo según la fuerza muscular isométrica de las extremidades superiores en la edad pediátrica. Se estudiaron 70 niños sanos con edades entre 10 y 14 años, y se analizaron en saliva los lipoperóxidos (LPO), el glutatión reducido (GSH), la ratio GSH/LPO y la catalasa, como marcadores de estrés oxidativo. La muestra se dividió en dos grupos según una condición física superior o inferior medida a través de dinamometría manual (TKK 5110); se diferenció la serie en sujetos prepuberales y puberales. Se encontraron niveles significativamente inferiores de GSH y GSH/LPO en el grupo de niños con fuerza superior, y en los puberales con la mismas características; estos resultados podrían indicar la existencia de un mayor estrés oxidativo en esta situación. En conclusión, los mayores niveles de fuerza músculo esquelética, medida a través de dinamometría manual, posiblemente pueden estar asociados a un mayor estrés oxidativo en niños púberes con condición física musculoesquelética superior.</p><b>Abstract</b><p align="justify">Physical exercise can produce oxidative stress, this situation could contribute cardiovascular risk in children and adolescents. The following study tries to evaluate the oxidative stress produced according to the handgrip strength in infancy. 70 healthy male subjects, ages 10 to 14 years, were studied. In the saliva samples, lipoperoxides (LPO), reduced glutathione (GSH), glutathione/lipoperoxides ratio and catalase were analyzed as biomarkers of oxidative stress. Children were divided into two groups according to their handgrip strength (high or low) measured by handgrip strength (TKK 5110). The groups were also divided into prepubertal and pubertal subjects. We found GSH’s significantly low levels and of GSH/LPO in pubertal group with high handgrip strength. We could possibly conclude that the higher levels of handgrip strength could be associated with more oxidative stress in pubertal group with high fitness.</p>doi:10.5232/ricyde2011.0220

Development of a High-Throughput Calcium Mobilization Assay for CCR6 Receptor Coupled to Hydrolase Activity Readout

CCR6 is a chemokine receptor highly implicated in inflammatory diseases and could be a potential therapeutic target; however, no therapeutic agents targeting CCR6 have progressed into clinical evaluation. Development of a high-throughput screening assay for CCR6 should facilitate the identification of novel compounds against CCR6. To develop a cell-based assay, RBL-2H3 cells were transfected with plasmids encoding β-hexosaminidase and CCR6. Intracellular calcium mobilization of transfected cells was measured with a fluorescent substrate using the activity of released hexosaminidase as readout of the assay. This stable, transfected cell showed a specific signal to the background ratio of 19.1 with low variability of the signal along the time. The assay was validated and optimized for high-throughput screening. The cell-based calcium mobilization assay responded to the specific CCR6 ligand, CCL20, in a dose-dependent manner with an EC50 value of 10.72 nM. Furthermore, the assay was deemed robust and reproducible with a Z’ factor of 0.63 and a signal window of 7.75. We have established a cell-based high-throughput calcium mobilization assay for CCR6 receptor. This assay monitors calcium mobilization, due to CCR6h activation by CCL20, using hexosaminidase activity as readout. This assay was proved to be robust, easy to automate and could be used as method for screening of CCR6 modulators

Extra-Virgin Olive Oil Modifies the Changes Induced in Non-Nervous Organs and Tissues by Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis Models

This study reveals the existence of oxidative stress (reactive oxygen species (ROS)) in non-nervous organs and tissues in multiple sclerosis (MS) by means of a model of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) in rats. This model reproduces a similar situation to MS, as well as its relationship with intestinal microbiota starting from the changes in bacterial lipopolysaccharide levels (LPS) in the outer wall of the gram-negative bacteria. Finally, the administration of extra-virgin olive oil (EVOO), hydroxytirosol (HT), and oleic acid (OA) exert beneficial effects. Twenty-five Dark Agouti two-month-old male rats, weighing around 190 g, were distributed into the following groups: Control, EAE (experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis group), EAE + EVOO, EAE + HT, and EAE + OA. The glutathione redox system with the EAE was measured in heart, kidney, liver, and small and large intestines. The LPS and the correlation with oxidative stress in the small and large intestines were also investigated. The results showed that (1) the oxidative damage in the EAE model affects non-nervous organs and tissues; (2) The LPS is related to inflammatory phenomena and oxidative stress in the intestinal tissue and in other organs; (3) The administration of EVOO, HT, and OA reduces the LPS levels at the same time as minimizing the oxidative damage; (4) EVOO, HT, and OA improve the disease’s clinical score; and (5) on balance, EVOO offers a better neuroprotective effect

Thallium-induced DNA damage, genetic, and epigenetic alterations

Thallium (Tl) is a toxic heavy metal responsible for noxious effects in living organisms. As a pollutant, Tl can be found in the environment at high concentrations, especially in industrial areas. Systemic toxicity induced by this toxic metal can affect cell metabolism, including redox alterations, mitochondrial dysfunction, and activation of apoptotic signaling pathways. Recent focus on Tl toxicity has been devoted to the characterization of its effects at the nuclear level, with emphasis on DNA, which, in turn, may be responsible for cytogenetic damage, mutations, and epigenetic changes. In this work, we review and discuss past and recent evidence on the toxic effects of Tl at the systemic level and its effects on DNA. We also address Tl’s role in cancer and its control