Institutions of Civil Society in Space of Democratic Politics

The article presents an analysis of a civil society organization depending on the democratization of the political system from three points of view: Liberal Democratic, Social Democratic and that generalizing the first and the second ones. Democracy is considered as a subordinate use; requirements for compliance of democracy in relation to civil society are identified and their relationship is defined

The Direction of Reforming the Tax System on the Basis of the Scientific Systemonomic Author’s Model: Nalogonomy

The article discusses the practical significance of the application of the Periodic System of Special Laws of Nalogonomy (PSSLN) on the basis of one of the laws, the law on “Manageability of Energy Information of Nalogonomy.” The study was based on theoretical aspects and practical conclusions of the relationship and interdependence of indicators of the dynamics of gross domestic product, tax revenues to the budget system of the country, and the tax burden on the basis of the correlation-regression method. The philosophical principles of nalogonomy, which determine the hierarchy of the laws in the model of the evolutionary development of the tax system proposed by the author, are considered. The author focuses on the need to reorient the functioning of the tax system from the fiscal to stimulate economic development, to address social issues in society.The existing disproportion in the tax system manifests itself in its various forms and types as inconsistencies in its composition, content and dynamics, and elements, which causes uneven tax burdens on its various participants. At this stage of development of the state, the tax system needs a reorientation of interests, and then the result can surpass and drive the forecasts and expectations, both economic and social

Humanistic Sense of Creativity in Professional University Education: The Role of Creativity in Forming Innovation Model and Modernization of University Training

The scientific problem of the paper is connected with the "transition" period of the traditional education system that is severely criticized, but each era requires a specific identification of true reasons of divergences lead to reforms. An interesting research variant for these restrictions’ overcoming and opportunities to observe how cultural innovations are integrated into the educational system and transform it during the "revolutionary period" of the university development is offered by authors. A professional type of education is associated with the inclusion of the professional training through the regular education. The university education environment is the academic field where the knowledge learning and transmission, as well as preparation for the prospective use of the collected skills are performed, also it is the environment in which the academic elite is shaped, the environment that drills mechanisms and methods of the elite specialists’ preparation. The formation of social and cultural potential of an environment in which the reproduction of elite specialists can be achieved through the principles’ implementation of the university education as fundamentalization, humanization, environmentalization that creates the possibility of self-realization through the creative development and the ability to express themselves in a problematic situation

Pairs of Giant Shock Waves (N-Waves) in Merging Galaxy Clusters

When a subcluster merges with a larger galaxy cluster, a bow shock is driven ahead of the subcluster. At a later merger stage, this bow shock separates from the subcluster, becoming a "runaway" shock that propagates down the steep density gradient through the cluster outskirts and approximately maintains its strength and the Mach number. Such shocks are plausible candidates for producing radio relics in the periphery of clusters. We argue that, during the same merger stage, a secondary shock is formed much closer to the main cluster center. A close analog of this structure is known in the usual hydrodynamics as N-waves, where the trailing part of the "N" is the result of the non-linear evolution of a shock. In merging clusters, spherical geometry and stratification could further promote its development. Both the primary and the secondary shocks are the natural outcome of a single merger event and often both components of the pair should be present. However, in the radio band, the leading shock could be more prominent, while the trailing shock might conversely be more easily seen in X-rays. The latter argument implies that for some of the (trailing) shocks found in X-ray data, it might be difficult to identify their "partner" leading shocks or the merging subclusters, which are farther away from the cluster center. We argue that the Coma cluster and A2744 could be two examples in a post-merger state with such well-separated shock pairs.Comment: 9 pages, 8 figures, submitted to MNRAS. Comments are welcom

Leader in Politics and Governance: Russian Aspect

The paper analyzes the nature of the political leader's image; interaction of the political leader with different faces, sides and aspects of political life is considered; distinctness of its manifestations is identified. Analysis of the political leader's image formation, comparison of models and comparative analysis of political leaders’ characters are made with reference of Russia

X-ray spectroscopy of galaxy clusters: beyond the CIE modeling

X-ray spectra of galaxy clusters are dominated by the thermal emission from the hot intracluster medium. In some cases, besides the thermal component, spectral models require additional components associated, e.g., with resonant scattering and charge exchange. The latter produces mostly underluminous fine spectral features. Detection of the extra components therefore requires high spectral resolution. The upcoming X-ray missions will provide such high resolution, and will allow spectroscopic diagnostics of clusters beyond the current simple thermal modeling. A representative science case is resonant scattering, which produces spectral distortions of the emission lines from the dominant thermal component. Accounting for the resonant scattering is essential for accurate abundance and gas motion measurements of the ICM. The high resolution spectroscopy might also reveal/corroborate a number of new spectral components, including the excitation by non-thermal electrons, the deviation from ionization equilibrium, and charge exchange from surface of cold gas clouds in clusters. Apart from detecting new features, future high resolution spectroscopy will also enable a much better measurement of the thermal component. Accurate atomic database and appropriate modeling of the thermal spectrum are therefore needed for interpreting the data.Comment: published in Space Science Review

Evolution of Splashback Boundaries and Gaseous Outskirts: Insights from Mergers of Self-similar Galaxy Clusters

A self-similar spherical collapse model predicts a dark matter (DM) splashback and accretion shock in the outskirts of galaxy clusters while misses a key ingredient of structure formation - processes associated with mergers. To fill this gap, we perform simulations of merging self-similar clusters and investigate their DM and gas evolution in an idealized cosmological context. Our simulations show that the cluster rapidly contracts during the major merger and the splashback radius $r_{\rm sp}$ decreases, approaching the virial radius $r_{\rm vir}$. While $r_{\rm sp}$ correlates with a smooth mass accretion rate (MAR) parameter $\Gamma_{\rm s}$ in the self-similar model, our simulations show a similar trend with the total MAR $\Gamma_{\rm vir}$ (includes both mergers and $\Gamma_{\rm s}$). The scatter of the $\Gamma_{\rm vir}-r_{\rm sp}/r_{\rm vir}$ relation indicates a generally low $\Gamma_{\rm s}\sim1$ in clusters in cosmological simulations. In contrast to the DM, the hot gaseous atmospheres significantly expand by the merger-accelerated (MA-) shocks formed when the runaway merger shocks overtake the outer accretion shock. After a major merger, the MA-shock radius is larger than $r_{\rm sp}$ by a factor of up to $\sim1.7$ for $\Gamma_{\rm s}\lesssim1$ and is $\sim r_{\rm sp}$ for $\Gamma_{\rm s}\gtrsim3$. This implies that (1) mergers could easily generate the MA-shock-splashback offset measured in cosmological simulations, and (2) the smooth MAR is small in regions away from filaments where MA-shocks reside. We further discuss various shocks and contact discontinuities formed at different epochs of the merger, the ram pressure stripping in cluster outskirts, and the dependence of member galaxies' splashback feature on their orbital parameters.Comment: 25 pages, 24 figures, submitted to MNRAS. Comments are welcom

The Metallicity of the Intracluster Medium Over Cosmic Time: Further Evidence for Early Enrichment

We use Chandra X-ray data to measure the metallicity of the intracluster medium (ICM) in 245 massive galaxy clusters selected from X-ray and Sunyaev-Zel'dovich (SZ) effect surveys, spanning redshifts $0<z<1.2$. Metallicities were measured in three different radial ranges, spanning cluster cores through their outskirts. We explore trends in these measurements as a function of cluster redshift, temperature, and surface brightness "peakiness" (a proxy for gas cooling efficiency in cluster centers). The data at large radii (0.5--1 $r_{500}$) are consistent with a constant metallicity, while at intermediate radii (0.1-0.5 $r_{500}$) we see a late-time increase in enrichment, consistent with the expected production and mixing of metals in cluster cores. In cluster centers, there are strong trends of metallicity with temperature and peakiness, reflecting enhanced metal production in the lowest-entropy gas. Within the cool-core/sharply peaked cluster population, there is a large intrinsic scatter in central metallicity and no overall evolution, indicating significant astrophysical variations in the efficiency of enrichment. The central metallicity in clusters with flat surface brightness profiles is lower, with a smaller intrinsic scatter, but increases towards lower redshifts. Our results are consistent with other recent measurements of ICM metallicity as a function of redshift. They reinforce the picture implied by observations of uniform metal distributions in the outskirts of nearby clusters, in which most of the enrichment of the ICM takes place before cluster formation, with significant later enrichment taking place only in cluster centers, as the stellar populations of the central galaxies evolve.Comment: 13 pages. Accepted version, to appear in MNRA