Milk and dairy products in hotel daily menue

Cilj rada je utvrditi udio mlijeka i mliječnih proizvoda kao značajnih izvora energije, makronutrijenata, vitamina i minerala u prosječnoj hotelskoj menu ponudi. U tu svrhu izvršena je nutritivna analiza 66 cjelodnevnih menu ponuda (doručak, ručak, večera). Rezultati su statistički obrađeni i uspoređeni sa preporukama, uz osvrt na potrebe gostiju srednje i starije životne dobi, oba spola. Dobiveni rezultati su pokazali da obroci nisu uravnoteženi, te da prevelik udio ukupne energijske vrijednosti potječe od masti (prosječno 47.95%) dok svega 37.57 % ukupne energije potječe iz ugljikohidratnih izvora. Ukupna energijska vrijednost obroka bila je viša od preporuka za sve analizirane skupine gostiju. Udio energijske vrijednosti porijeklom iz mlijeka i mliječnih proizvoda je 11% što se može smatrati zadovoljavajućim. Najčešće ponuđena namirnica iz ove skupine bilo je mlijeko, dok je sladoled na drugom mjestu. Neophodno je povećati ponudu jogurta i ostalih mliječno fermentiranih proizvoda, posebice u ponudi za goste starije životne dobi. Unosom mlijeka i mliječnih proizvoda muškarci i žene su zadovoljili 92% potreba za kalcijem obzirom na RDA preporuke, odnosno 61.80% potreba prema DRI preporukama za osobe starije životne dobi.The aim of this work was to determine the portion of milk and dairy products as a source of macronutrients, energy, vitamins and minerals in average hotel menus for some category of hotel guests. For this purpose the evaluation of 66 whole day meals (breakfast, lunch and supper) on daily menus was made. Meals were therefore mathematically and statistically analysed and compared with recommendations (RDA and DRI) for middle aged and elderly guests, both genders. The obtained results indicated that the meals should be balanced according to nutritional principles, because of too high energy share derived from fats (average 47.95%) while just about 37.57% of daily energy was from carbohydrates origin. The energy values were much higher than recommendations for both genders, respectively. The energy share from milk and dairy products origin was 11% of total energy what should be considered as a suitable. The most served dairy product was milk while the ice-cream took the second place. It is necessary to increase the yogurt and similar fermented products consumption, especially for the elderly guests. With milk and dairy products consumption males and females fulfill 92% RDA for calcium, and 61.80 % DRI for elderly, respectively

Influence of Researchers on the Results of Kinetic Analysis of Thermal Degradation of Polymers

U ovom radu ispitivan je utjecaj istraživača na rezultate kinetičke analize neizotermne toplinske razgradnje četiri polimera. Analizirani polimeri imaju različite stupnjeve složenosti razgradnog procesa. Kinetičku analizu provelo je troje istraživača, jedan znanstveni savjetnik, jedan znanstveni suradnik te jedan doktorand, a svi su se koristili istim eksperimentalnim termogravimetrijskim podatcima te istim kinetičkim programom (Netzsch Thermokinetics Professional). Rezultati nedvojbeno pokazuju da istraživači imaju značajan utjecaj na rezultate kinetičke analize, budući da su procese neizotermne toplinske razgradnje svih uzoraka opisali različitim kinetičkim shemama i time različitim kinetičkim parametrima. Ovo djelo je dano na korištenje pod licencom Creative Commons Imenovanje 4.0 međunarodna.In this paper, the influence of researchers on the results of kinetic analysis of non-isothermal thermal decomposition of four polymers was investigated. Four polymers having different degrees of complexity of the degradation process were analysed. The kinetic analysis was performed by three researchers: one scientific advisor with tenure, one research associate and one doctoral student, all of whom used the same experimental thermogravimetric data. Kinetic analysis was performed using the Netzsch Thermokinetics Professional program. The results unequivocally showed that the researchers have a significant influence on the results of kinetic analysis, since they described the processes of the non-isothermal thermal decomposition of all samples by different kinetic schemes, and thus by different kinetic parameters. This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License

Poly(ethilene oxide) based polymer electrolyte : doctoral thesis

Sažetak U ovom radu provedeno je sustavno istraţivanje strukture i toplinskih svojstava nanokompozita na bazi poli(etilen-oksida) (PEO) u svrhu dizajniranja nanokompozitnog polimernog elektrolita poboljšane ionske provodnosti. Pripravljeni su nanokompoziti PEO-a s razliĉitim nanopunilima (natrijev montmorilonit-NaMMT, komercijalno dostupni organski modificirani montmoriloniti Cloisite 10A, Cloisite 15A, Cloisite 20A, Cloisite 25A, Cloisite 93A i Cloisite 30B) metodom interkalacije iz taljevine. Uloga nanopunila je sniţavanje kristalnosti i povećanje udjela amorfne faze polimerne matrice u svrhu poboljšanja prijenosa kationa i ionske provodnosti, a da se pritom ne pogoršavaju ostala svojstva. Na osnovi rezultata provedene strukturne i toplinske karakterizacije izvršena je procjena najpovoljnijeg sustava nanokompozita polimera i nanopunila u koji je naknadno uveden Li + ion. Rezultati analize raspršenja X-zraka pri malom kutu (SAXS) pokazali su da kod svih ispitivanih uzoraka dolazi do interkalacije PEO-a u meĊuslojni prostor montmorilonita, ĉime je potvrĊen nastanak nanokompozitne strukture. Analiza spektara infracrvene spektroskopije s Fourierovom transformacijom (FTIR) svih ispitivanih nanokompozita ukazuje na postojanje interakcija izmeĊu PEO-a i punila. Narušavanje helikoidalne konformacije PEO-a, tj. smanjenje kristalne faze dodatno potvrĊuju nastanak interkalirane strukture. Primjenom diferencijalne pretraţne kalorimetrije (DSC) ispitan je utjecaj nanopunila na toplinske prijelaze (staklište, talište, kristalište) i kristalnost PEO-a. Naizraţeniji utjecaj na sniţavanje stupnja kristalnosti PEO-a u nanokompozitima pokazao je NaMMT. Organski modificirani montmoriloniti pri niţim udjelima punila djeluju kao centri nukleacije koji posljediĉno povećavaju stupanj kristalnosti PEO-a. Analiza dinamiĉke termogravimetrije (TG) pokazala je da NaMMT poboljšava toplinsku postojanost PEO-a do odreĊenog udjela. Organski modificirani montmoriloniti pri udjelima većim od 10 mas. % znaĉajno sniţavaju temperaturu poĉetka razgradnje PEO-a. Najizraţeniji negativni utjecaj uoĉen je u nanokompozitima s Cloisite 10A gdje se temperature poĉetka razgradnje sniţavaju i do 198 °C u odnosu na one ĉistog PEO-a. Rezultati karakterizacije s aspekta odgovarajućih toplinskih i strukturnih svojstava nanokompozita ukazali su na najveći potencijal NaMMT-a kao nanopunila. UvoĊenje litijevog iona u sustav provedeno je modifikacijom NaMMT-a metodom ionske izmjene s LiCl ĉime je dobiven LiMMT. Prouĉavan je utjecaj LiMMT-a i molekulne mase PEO- a na strukturna i toplinska svojstva nanokompozita PEO/LiMMT te je ispitana meĊuovisnost dobivenih rezultata i ionske provodnosti. SAXS i FTIR analiza potvrdile su nastanak nanostrukture kod svih pripravljenih nanokompozita PEO/LiMMT. Rezultati FTIR analize ukazali su na znaĉajniju interkaciju Li + iona s polimernom matricom u nanokompozitima pripravljenim s PEO- om visoke molekulne mase u odnosu na one pripravljene s PEO-om niske molekulne mase. Primjenom DSC analize utvrĊeno je da dodatak LiMMT znaĉajno utjeĉe na sniţavanje staklišta i stupnja kristalnosti PEO-a, što je stvorilo vaţan preduvjet za ostvarivanje poboljšane ionske provodnosti. Polimerni nanokompoziti pripravljeni s PEO-om viših molekulnih masa pokazali su niţe vrijednosti stupnja kristalizacije. Rezultati dinamiĉke TG analize pokazali su da LiMMT pogoršava toplinsku postojanost PEO-a, ali i dalje zadovoljava toplinsku postojanost potrebnu za ĉvrsti polimerni elektrolit. Rezultati dinamiĉke termogravimetrije ukazuju da LiMMT utjeĉe na mehanizam toplinske razgradnje PEO-a. Primjenom elektrokemijske impedancijske spektroskopije (EIS) utvrĊena je meĊuovisnost strukture nanokompozita i molekulne mase PEO-a na potencijal poboljšanja ionske provodnosti. Dodatak LiMMT-a poboljšava ionsku provodnost svih ispitanih nanokompozita PEO/LiMMT. Ionska provodnost ovisna je o masenom udjelu LiMMT-a u pripravljenim nanokompozitima i molekulnoj masi PEO-a. Najveća vrijednost ionske provodnosti pri sobnoj temperaturi zabiljeţena je u nanokompozitu pripravljenom s PEO-om viskoznog prosjeka molekulnih masa 300 000 (PEO3) pri 40 mas. % LiMMT-a. Dobivena vrijednost ionske provodnosti iznosi 2,8·10 -6 S cm -1 što je povećanje ionske provodnosti od 949 puta u odnosu na ĉisti polimer. Za seriju nanokompozita PEO/LiMMT s najvećom ionskom provodnosti provedena je kinetiĉka analiza te su razvijeni kinetiĉki modeli procesa dinamiĉke toplinske razgradnje. Na temelju rezultata kinetiĉke analize potvrĊeno je da dodatak LiMMT-a utjeĉe na dinamiĉku toplinsku razgradnju PEO-a. Za razliku od jednostupanjskog procesa dinamiĉke toplinske razgradnje PEO-a, razgradnja nanokompozita PEO3/LiMMT-a se odvija kroz tri stupnja: difuziju, reakciju n-tog reda s autokatalizom i reakciju n-tog reda.Abstract In this work a systematic study of the structure and thermal properites of poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO) based nanocomposites was performed in order to design nanocomposite polymer electrolyte with enhanced ionic conductivity. PEO based nanocomposites with different nanofiller type (sodium montmorillonite, commercially available organoclays Cloisite 10A, Cloisite 15A, Cloisite 20A, Cloisite 25A, Cloisite 93A i Cloisite 30B) were prepared by melt intercalation method. The role of nanofiller is to reduce crystallinity and increase the extent of the amorphous phase of the polymer matrix in order to improve the transfer of cations and ionic conductivity without disruption other properties. Considering the results of structural and thermal characterization, an assessment of the most favourable nanocomposite system of polymers and nanofillers was made for subsequently introduction of Li + ion. The results of the Small angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) analysis showed that PEO was intercalated into montmorillonite layers in all tested samples, which confirmed the formation of nanocomposite structure. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) analysis showed the existence of an interaction of PEO and nanofiller for all examined nanocomposites. Change in the crystallinity of PEO and distorted helical structure of poly(ethylene oxide) macromolecules in nanocomposites additionally confirmed the formation of intercalated structure. Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) revealed the influence on thermal transition (glass transition temperature, melting temperature, crystallization temperature) and crystallinity of PEO. The nanofiller NaMMT showed the most pronounced effect on lowering the degree of crystallinity of PEO in nanocomposites. Organically modified montmorillonites at low filler loadings act as nucleation agents that consequently increase the degree of crystallinity of PEO. The non-isothermal thermogravimetric (TG) analysis showed that NaMMT improves PEO thermal stability up to a certain proportion. Organically modified montmorilonites in amounts higher than 10 wt. % strongly reduce the onset degradation temperature. The most pronounced influence was observed in Cloisite 10A based nanocomposites, where the onset degradation temperatures are reduced up to 198 °C compared to the neat PEO. Thermal and structural characterization of above mentioned nanocomposites indicated the greatest potential of the NaMMT as nanofiller and therefore it was selected for the introduction of Li + ion and further analysis. The introduction of lithium ion into the system was carried out by modification of NaMMT by ion exchange method with LiCl resulting in LiMMT. The influence of LiMMT on the structure and thermal properties of PEO/LiMMT nanocomposites prepared with PEO of different molecular weight and the dependence of the results obtained on ionic conductivity have been studied. SAXS and FTIR analysis confirmed the formation of nanostructures in all prepared PEO/LiMMT nanocomposites. The results of the FTIR analysis revealed a more significant interaction of Li + ions with a polymer matrix in nanocomposite prepared with PEO of the high molecular weight compared to those prepared with PEO of the low molecular weight. DSC analysis revealed that the addition of LiMMT significantly reduces the glass transition and the degree of crystallinity of PEO, which created important precondition for improving the ionic conductivity. Polymer nanocomposites prepared with PEO of the higher molecular weights showed lower values of the degrees of crystallinity. The results of non-isothermal TG analysis revealed that the addition of LiMMT reduce the thermal stability of PEO, but still satisfies the thermal stability required for solid polymer electrolyte. The results of non-isothermal TG analysis show that LiMMT affects the mechanism of non-isothermal degradation of PEO. The effect of the nanocomposite structure and the molecular weight of PEO on the potential to improve the ionic conductivity of PEO/LiMMT nanocomposites was determined by electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). The addition of LiMMT improves the ionic conductivity of all tested PEO/LiMMT nanocomposites. The ionic conductivity depends on the weight fraction of LiMMT in the prepared nanocomposites and the molecular weight of PEO. The highest value of ionic conductivity at room temperature was noted in a nanocomposite prepared with PEO with a molecular weight of 300,000 and 40 wt. % LiMMT. The obtained ionic conductivity was 2,8·10 -6 S cm -1 . The obtained result shows an increase in ionic conductivity for 949 times compared to ionic conductivity of pure PEO. For the PEO/LiMMT series with the highest ionic conductivity, kinetic analysis was performed and kinetic models of the non-isothermal thermal degradation were developed. Based on the results of the kinetic analysis, it was confirmed that the addition of LiMMT affects the mechanism of the non-isothermal thermal degradation of PEO. Unlike the one-step process of non-isothermal decomposition of PEO, the decomposition of PEO3/LiMMT nanocomposites takes place through three stage mechanism: diffusion, n-order reaction with autocatalysis and n-order reaction

Poly(ethilene oxide) based polymer electrolyte : doctoral thesis

Sažetak U ovom radu provedeno je sustavno istraţivanje strukture i toplinskih svojstava nanokompozita na bazi poli(etilen-oksida) (PEO) u svrhu dizajniranja nanokompozitnog polimernog elektrolita poboljšane ionske provodnosti. Pripravljeni su nanokompoziti PEO-a s razliĉitim nanopunilima (natrijev montmorilonit-NaMMT, komercijalno dostupni organski modificirani montmoriloniti Cloisite 10A, Cloisite 15A, Cloisite 20A, Cloisite 25A, Cloisite 93A i Cloisite 30B) metodom interkalacije iz taljevine. Uloga nanopunila je sniţavanje kristalnosti i povećanje udjela amorfne faze polimerne matrice u svrhu poboljšanja prijenosa kationa i ionske provodnosti, a da se pritom ne pogoršavaju ostala svojstva. Na osnovi rezultata provedene strukturne i toplinske karakterizacije izvršena je procjena najpovoljnijeg sustava nanokompozita polimera i nanopunila u koji je naknadno uveden Li + ion. Rezultati analize raspršenja X-zraka pri malom kutu (SAXS) pokazali su da kod svih ispitivanih uzoraka dolazi do interkalacije PEO-a u meĊuslojni prostor montmorilonita, ĉime je potvrĊen nastanak nanokompozitne strukture. Analiza spektara infracrvene spektroskopije s Fourierovom transformacijom (FTIR) svih ispitivanih nanokompozita ukazuje na postojanje interakcija izmeĊu PEO-a i punila. Narušavanje helikoidalne konformacije PEO-a, tj. smanjenje kristalne faze dodatno potvrĊuju nastanak interkalirane strukture. Primjenom diferencijalne pretraţne kalorimetrije (DSC) ispitan je utjecaj nanopunila na toplinske prijelaze (staklište, talište, kristalište) i kristalnost PEO-a. Naizraţeniji utjecaj na sniţavanje stupnja kristalnosti PEO-a u nanokompozitima pokazao je NaMMT. Organski modificirani montmoriloniti pri niţim udjelima punila djeluju kao centri nukleacije koji posljediĉno povećavaju stupanj kristalnosti PEO-a. Analiza dinamiĉke termogravimetrije (TG) pokazala je da NaMMT poboljšava toplinsku postojanost PEO-a do odreĊenog udjela. Organski modificirani montmoriloniti pri udjelima većim od 10 mas. % znaĉajno sniţavaju temperaturu poĉetka razgradnje PEO-a. Najizraţeniji negativni utjecaj uoĉen je u nanokompozitima s Cloisite 10A gdje se temperature poĉetka razgradnje sniţavaju i do 198 °C u odnosu na one ĉistog PEO-a. Rezultati karakterizacije s aspekta odgovarajućih toplinskih i strukturnih svojstava nanokompozita ukazali su na najveći potencijal NaMMT-a kao nanopunila. UvoĊenje litijevog iona u sustav provedeno je modifikacijom NaMMT-a metodom ionske izmjene s LiCl ĉime je dobiven LiMMT. Prouĉavan je utjecaj LiMMT-a i molekulne mase PEO- a na strukturna i toplinska svojstva nanokompozita PEO/LiMMT te je ispitana meĊuovisnost dobivenih rezultata i ionske provodnosti. SAXS i FTIR analiza potvrdile su nastanak nanostrukture kod svih pripravljenih nanokompozita PEO/LiMMT. Rezultati FTIR analize ukazali su na znaĉajniju interkaciju Li + iona s polimernom matricom u nanokompozitima pripravljenim s PEO- om visoke molekulne mase u odnosu na one pripravljene s PEO-om niske molekulne mase. Primjenom DSC analize utvrĊeno je da dodatak LiMMT znaĉajno utjeĉe na sniţavanje staklišta i stupnja kristalnosti PEO-a, što je stvorilo vaţan preduvjet za ostvarivanje poboljšane ionske provodnosti. Polimerni nanokompoziti pripravljeni s PEO-om viših molekulnih masa pokazali su niţe vrijednosti stupnja kristalizacije. Rezultati dinamiĉke TG analize pokazali su da LiMMT pogoršava toplinsku postojanost PEO-a, ali i dalje zadovoljava toplinsku postojanost potrebnu za ĉvrsti polimerni elektrolit. Rezultati dinamiĉke termogravimetrije ukazuju da LiMMT utjeĉe na mehanizam toplinske razgradnje PEO-a. Primjenom elektrokemijske impedancijske spektroskopije (EIS) utvrĊena je meĊuovisnost strukture nanokompozita i molekulne mase PEO-a na potencijal poboljšanja ionske provodnosti. Dodatak LiMMT-a poboljšava ionsku provodnost svih ispitanih nanokompozita PEO/LiMMT. Ionska provodnost ovisna je o masenom udjelu LiMMT-a u pripravljenim nanokompozitima i molekulnoj masi PEO-a. Najveća vrijednost ionske provodnosti pri sobnoj temperaturi zabiljeţena je u nanokompozitu pripravljenom s PEO-om viskoznog prosjeka molekulnih masa 300 000 (PEO3) pri 40 mas. % LiMMT-a. Dobivena vrijednost ionske provodnosti iznosi 2,8·10 -6 S cm -1 što je povećanje ionske provodnosti od 949 puta u odnosu na ĉisti polimer. Za seriju nanokompozita PEO/LiMMT s najvećom ionskom provodnosti provedena je kinetiĉka analiza te su razvijeni kinetiĉki modeli procesa dinamiĉke toplinske razgradnje. Na temelju rezultata kinetiĉke analize potvrĊeno je da dodatak LiMMT-a utjeĉe na dinamiĉku toplinsku razgradnju PEO-a. Za razliku od jednostupanjskog procesa dinamiĉke toplinske razgradnje PEO-a, razgradnja nanokompozita PEO3/LiMMT-a se odvija kroz tri stupnja: difuziju, reakciju n-tog reda s autokatalizom i reakciju n-tog reda.Abstract In this work a systematic study of the structure and thermal properites of poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO) based nanocomposites was performed in order to design nanocomposite polymer electrolyte with enhanced ionic conductivity. PEO based nanocomposites with different nanofiller type (sodium montmorillonite, commercially available organoclays Cloisite 10A, Cloisite 15A, Cloisite 20A, Cloisite 25A, Cloisite 93A i Cloisite 30B) were prepared by melt intercalation method. The role of nanofiller is to reduce crystallinity and increase the extent of the amorphous phase of the polymer matrix in order to improve the transfer of cations and ionic conductivity without disruption other properties. Considering the results of structural and thermal characterization, an assessment of the most favourable nanocomposite system of polymers and nanofillers was made for subsequently introduction of Li + ion. The results of the Small angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) analysis showed that PEO was intercalated into montmorillonite layers in all tested samples, which confirmed the formation of nanocomposite structure. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) analysis showed the existence of an interaction of PEO and nanofiller for all examined nanocomposites. Change in the crystallinity of PEO and distorted helical structure of poly(ethylene oxide) macromolecules in nanocomposites additionally confirmed the formation of intercalated structure. Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) revealed the influence on thermal transition (glass transition temperature, melting temperature, crystallization temperature) and crystallinity of PEO. The nanofiller NaMMT showed the most pronounced effect on lowering the degree of crystallinity of PEO in nanocomposites. Organically modified montmorillonites at low filler loadings act as nucleation agents that consequently increase the degree of crystallinity of PEO. The non-isothermal thermogravimetric (TG) analysis showed that NaMMT improves PEO thermal stability up to a certain proportion. Organically modified montmorilonites in amounts higher than 10 wt. % strongly reduce the onset degradation temperature. The most pronounced influence was observed in Cloisite 10A based nanocomposites, where the onset degradation temperatures are reduced up to 198 °C compared to the neat PEO. Thermal and structural characterization of above mentioned nanocomposites indicated the greatest potential of the NaMMT as nanofiller and therefore it was selected for the introduction of Li + ion and further analysis. The introduction of lithium ion into the system was carried out by modification of NaMMT by ion exchange method with LiCl resulting in LiMMT. The influence of LiMMT on the structure and thermal properties of PEO/LiMMT nanocomposites prepared with PEO of different molecular weight and the dependence of the results obtained on ionic conductivity have been studied. SAXS and FTIR analysis confirmed the formation of nanostructures in all prepared PEO/LiMMT nanocomposites. The results of the FTIR analysis revealed a more significant interaction of Li + ions with a polymer matrix in nanocomposite prepared with PEO of the high molecular weight compared to those prepared with PEO of the low molecular weight. DSC analysis revealed that the addition of LiMMT significantly reduces the glass transition and the degree of crystallinity of PEO, which created important precondition for improving the ionic conductivity. Polymer nanocomposites prepared with PEO of the higher molecular weights showed lower values of the degrees of crystallinity. The results of non-isothermal TG analysis revealed that the addition of LiMMT reduce the thermal stability of PEO, but still satisfies the thermal stability required for solid polymer electrolyte. The results of non-isothermal TG analysis show that LiMMT affects the mechanism of non-isothermal degradation of PEO. The effect of the nanocomposite structure and the molecular weight of PEO on the potential to improve the ionic conductivity of PEO/LiMMT nanocomposites was determined by electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). The addition of LiMMT improves the ionic conductivity of all tested PEO/LiMMT nanocomposites. The ionic conductivity depends on the weight fraction of LiMMT in the prepared nanocomposites and the molecular weight of PEO. The highest value of ionic conductivity at room temperature was noted in a nanocomposite prepared with PEO with a molecular weight of 300,000 and 40 wt. % LiMMT. The obtained ionic conductivity was 2,8·10 -6 S cm -1 . The obtained result shows an increase in ionic conductivity for 949 times compared to ionic conductivity of pure PEO. For the PEO/LiMMT series with the highest ionic conductivity, kinetic analysis was performed and kinetic models of the non-isothermal thermal degradation were developed. Based on the results of the kinetic analysis, it was confirmed that the addition of LiMMT affects the mechanism of the non-isothermal thermal degradation of PEO. Unlike the one-step process of non-isothermal decomposition of PEO, the decomposition of PEO3/LiMMT nanocomposites takes place through three stage mechanism: diffusion, n-order reaction with autocatalysis and n-order reaction

Brašno - Kruh '13

The "Flour-Bread '13“ Congress topics were the following: breeding and quality of cereal grains, grain storage and milling technology, analytical and rheological methods, baking technology, improvers and additives, starch and modified starch, extrusion and pasta production, biscuit and pastry products, nutritional quality of cereals, cereal food safety and cereal based functional foods