Exclusive Breastfeeding Associated with the Reduction of Acute Respiratory Tract Infections in Toddlers with High-Risk Factors

Introduction: Acute respiratory tract infections (ARI) is a disease that is the primary cause of death, especially in children. Toddlers can be prevented from developing ARI with increased immunity. Giving breast milk can increase children's immunity, but there are still children who experience ARI. This study aimed to explain the differences in Acute Respiratory Tract Infections (ARI) events in toddlers who are exclusively and non-exclusively breastfed. Methods: The research design used was descriptive-comparative with a retrospective design. The population in this study were all children one to three years of age. A sample of 158 toddlers was recruited by a purposive sampling technique. Data retrieval was done with the criteria that the child had visited a public health centre (puskesmas) or integrated health care service post (posyandu), and does not suffer from a disease such as asthma or have any allergies. The variables were measured using a questionnaire and observation sheet. Data analysis was done by a chi-square test and binary logistic regression. Results: The results showed that there were differences in ARI incidence in toddlers (one to three years) who were exclusively and non-exclusively breastfed with a value of p = 0.003. The air pollution factor proved to be significant, dominantly affecting the incidence of ARI. Conclusion: Differences in ARI incidence in toddlers who are exclusively and non-exclusively breastfed is possible due to air pollution factors. Key implications for nursing practice from this research are improving services, and prevent the occurrence of AR

Exclusive Breastfeeding Associated with the Reduction of Acute Respiratory Tract Infections in Toddlers with High-Risk Factors

Introduction: Acute respiratory tract infections (ARI) is a disease that is the primary cause of death, especially in children. Toddlers can be prevented from developing ARI with increased immunity. Giving breast milk can increase children's immunity, but there are still children who experience ARI. This study aimed to explain the differences in Acute Respiratory Tract Infections (ARI) events in toddlers who are exclusively and non-exclusively breastfed. Methods: The research design used was descriptive-comparative with a retrospective design. The population in this study were all children one to three years of age. A sample of 158 toddlers was recruited by a purposive sampling technique. Data retrieval was done with the criteria that the child had visited a public health centre (puskesmas) or integrated health care service post (posyandu), and does not suffer from a disease such as asthma or have any allergies. The variables were measured using a questionnaire and observation sheet. Data analysis was done by a chi-square test and binary logistic regression. Results: The results showed that there were differences in ARI incidence in toddlers (one to three years) who were exclusively and non-exclusively breastfed with a value of p = 0.003. The air pollution factor proved to be significant, dominantly affecting the incidence of ARI. Conclusion: Differences in ARI incidence in toddlers who are exclusively and non-exclusively breastfed is possible due to air pollution factors. Key implications for nursing practice from this research are improving services, and prevent the occurrence of ARI

Kode Ringkas Dalam Karikatur Harian Pada Media Cetak Tahun 2012

Tujuan penelitian ini untuk mendeskripsikan: (1) wujud kode ringkas dalam karikatur dan, (2) struktur fungsional kode ringkas dalam karikatur. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode kualitatif, dengan objek penelitian wujud kode ringkas dalam karikatur dan struktur fungsional kode ringkas dalam karikatur. Teknik pengumpulan data menggunakan teknik simak. Teknik analisis data menggunakan metode agih dan metode padan. Hasil penelitian dapat diperoleh suatu simpulan (1) wujud kode ringkas dalam karikatur yang dibedakan menjadi empat yaitu: (a) kata, (b) frase, (c) klausa atau kalimat satu klausa, (d) kalimat majemuk. (2) Struktur fungsional kode ringkas dalam karikatur dibedakan menjadi sepuluh yaitu: (1) P1-O-K-P2, (2) S, (3) S-P, (4) P, (5) Konj-P1//S-P2-K, (6) S-P-O, (7) P1-S//P2-O-Pel, (8) P-O, (9) Konj-S-P1-O//P2, (10) S1-S2

ANALISIS KONSEP PENILAIAN PENDIDIKAN GURU PAUD (PG PAUD)

Konsep penilaian sikap dari pendidikan guru PAUD menjadi salah satu penilaian bagi mahasiwa dalam menempuh pendidikan di sebuah perguruan tinggi, penelitian sikap juga diartikan sebagai penerapan standar atau sistem dalam menetapkan keputusan terhadap sikap. Penilaian sikap sebagai bagian dari salah satu pembelajaran adalah refleksi atau cerminan, pemahaman dan kemajuan peserta didik secara individual, setiap pengajar mempunyai cara penilaiannya, tujuan daripenelitian ini untuk mengetahui analisis konsep penilaian sikap PG PAUD dengan menggunakan metode studi literatur yang digunakan pada penelitian ini dengan menganalisa, mengevaluasi, memadukan penelitian, teori dan praktik dari penelitian satu dengan penelitian lainnya yang sesuai dengan pembahasan. Hasil dari penelitian ini adalah penilaian sikap sangat penting bagi mahasiswa dimana mengandung sifat-sifat yang mencerminkan karakter seseorang seperti sopan santun, berbudi pekerti dan juga bertanggung jawab

Socio-economic factors influencing attitude of Sabah oil palm smallholders in dealing with ganoderma basal stem rot disease

The main focus of this paper was to determine the relationships between the socio-economic background of Sabah’s oil palm smallholders and their attitude in dealing with Ganoderma Basal Stem Rot (BSR) disease. A multistage random sampling using a structured questionnaire was used to obtain the data from 500 oil palm smallholders in nineteen different districts in Sabah. Based on the factor analysis on the attitude towards Ganoderma disease, respondents indicated that they knew the causes of the disease infection. But in terms of disease management, such as, treatment and preventive measures, their exposure to information was limited, while at the same time they were facing constraints in dealing with the disease. The study findings showed that there were significant relationships between socio-economic background and attitude of the oil palm smallholders in terms of category of smallholders, gender, level of education and years of experience in oil palm cultivation. The existing relevant agencies in Sabah, such as, the Malaysia Palm Oil Board (MPOB), Sabah State Department of Agriculture and Former Association should step up their efforts to provide better information and create more awareness among oil palm smallholders about the disease, and to really convince them about its devastating economic and social impacts. Comprehensive trainings in managing the disease should be conducted, giving priorities to controlling the disease through more affordable and less burdensome, but more effective methods