A Aplicação do SEM para a Avaliação de Fatores que Influem em Membros da Comunidade Local no Desenvolvimento do Destino: um estudo do distrito de Jammu e Kashmir – Índia

Community participation is a tool to achieve sustainable tourism development. The purpose of this paper is to identify the factors influencing community participation in destination building and its consequences for the local inhabitants in the form of social, tourism and economic development. The model is based upon the various constructs portraying the influence of various factors on community participation. This study used explorative factor analysis, confirmatory factor analysis and Structural Equation Modeling [SEM] technique for determining the structural estimates between constructs. Data for this study was collected from 214 questionnaires from residents of different tourist destinations in Poonch district of Jammu and Kashmir [J&K]. The result revealed that personal, economic factor has the most significant impact followed by social and least by environmental factor upon the local community participation Moreover, the respondents agreed that destination development has contributed a lot in terms of economic and followed by other two factors. Conclusions endrose the view of the way how local community perceive tourism plays an important role in the development of indigenous tourism.La participación comunitaria es una herramienta para lograr un desarrollo turístico sostenible. El propósito de este documento es identificar los factores que influyen en la participación de la comunidad en la construcción de destinos y sus consecuencias para los habitantes locales en forma de desarrollo social, turístico y económico. El modelo se basa en las diversas construcciones que retratan la influencia de varios factores en la participación comunitaria. Este estudio analizó el análisis factorial exploratorio, el análisis factorial confirmatorio y la técnica de modelado de ecuaciones estructurales para determinar las estructuras estructurales entre construcciones. Los datos para este estudio se obtuvieron de 214 cuestionarios de residentes de diferentes destinos turísticos en el distrito de Poonch de Jammu and Kashmira [J&K]. Los resultados muestran que el factor económico y el personal tiene el impacto más significativo seguido del factor social y el menos ambiental en la participación de la comunidad local. Además, los encuestados coincidieron en que el desarrollo del destino ha contribuido mucho en términos económicos y seguido de otros dos factores. Las conclusiones refuerzan la idea de que el modo como la comunidad local percibe el turismo juega un papel importante en el desarrollo del turismo indígena.A participação comunitária é uma ferramenta para alcançar o desenvolvimento turístico sustentável. O objetivo deste documento é identificar os fatores que influenciam a participação da comunidade na construção de destinos e as consecuências para os habitantes locais na forma de desarrollo social, turístico e econômico. O modelo teórico baseia-se nas diversas construções que retratam os fatores de influência na participação comunitária. Este estudo utiliza a análise exploratória fatorial, a análise confirmatória fatorial e a técnica de modelagem de equações estruturais para determinar as estimativas de estruturas entre construções. Os dados para este estúdio obtiveram 214 solicitações de residentes de diferentes destinos turísticos no distrito de Poonch de Jammu and Kashmira [J&K]. Os resultados mostram que fatores pessoais e econômicos têm o impacto mais significativo seguido pelo social e menos pelo fator ambiental sobre a participação da comunidade local. Além disso, os respondentes concordaram que o desenvolvimento do destino tem contribuído muito em termos econômicos e seguido por outros dois fatores. As conclusões reforçam a ideia de que o modo pelo qual a comunidade local percebe o turismo tem um papel importante no desenvolvimento turístico autóctone

Characterization of G -Semigroup by Intuitionistic N-Fuzzy Set (INFS) and its level set

Some characterizations of G -Semigroup by intuitionistic N-fuzzy sets have been given here. The concept of intuitionistic N-fuzzy set (INFS) and its level set has been applied to G -semigroup. The notions of intuitionistic N-fuzzy G -subsemigroup and intuitionistic N-fuzzy G - ideals (left, right, lateral, quasi, and bi) have been introduced and characterized by intuitionistic N-fuzzy sets

Molecular Identification of Genetically Modified Crops for Biosafety and Legitimacy of Transgenes

Crops undergo artificially DNA modifications for improvements are considered as genetically modified (GM) crops. These modifications could be in indigenous DNA or by introduction of foreign DNA as transgenes. There are 29 different crops and fruit trees in 42 countries, which have been successfully modified for various traits like herbicide tolerance, insect/pest resistance, disease resistance and quality improvement. GM crops are grown worldwide and its area is significantly increasing every year. Many countries have very strict rules and regulations for GM crops and are also a trade barrier in some situations. Hence, identification and testing of crops for GM contents is important for identity and legitimacy of transgene to simplify the international trade. Normally, molecular identification is performed at three different levels, i.e., DNA, RNA and protein, and each level has its own importance in testing about the nature and type of GM crops. In this chapter, current scenario of GM crops and different molecular testing tools are described in brief

DNA Fingerprinting and Cultivar Identification of Olive (Olea europaea L.) using SSR markers

Background: Genetic diversity and population structure of the olive varieties cultivated in Pakistan are yet to be explored.Methods: In present study, we studied population structure and genetic diversity and developed DNA fingerprints of 13 olive varieties  using 63 Simple Sequence Repeat  markers.Results: Collectively 618 alleles were amplified among which 582 were polymorphic and 36 were monomorphic. High allelic diversity per locus was found among 63 SSR markers, i.e., one for GAPU-12 to 23 for UDO099-008 and GAPU-47 with an average 9.80 alleles per locus. On the basis of cluster analysis genotypes were grouped into two clusters. Cluster I contained varieties Manzanilla, Sohawa-selection, Koroneki, Bulkasar-selection, Arbequina, Arbosona, Chugtai-selection, whereas cluster II was comprised of varieties Bari-Zatoon, Coratina, Gemlik, Frontaio, Pendolino and Ottobratica. UDO-24 marker alone identified seven olive varieties. Similarly, DCA-07 and EMO-02 identified six olive varieties each.Conclusion: The findings of this manuscript will be helpful for future studies related to DNA fingerprinting and genetic diversity assessment for choice of SSR markers and identification of olive varieties.   Keywords: Cluster analysis; Polymorphic Information Content; Structure analysis; Similarity matrix

Is Accounting Information Produced by the Firms any Value Relevant?

This research is motivated by dearth of research on the impact of accounting information produced by Pakistani companies on their share prices and is aimed at highlighting the useful ness of accounting information in investment decision making by investors. Top five companies from each of the sectors, excluding the financial services sectors listed on Pakistan Stock Exchange are studied for the years 2006 to 2016. Panel data settings are used to study the impact of accounting information i.e., Earnings on Returns. Three control variables namely, size, profitability and industry type are added in Extended returns model to capture the impact of accounting information on returns. The results show that accounting information i.e., Earnings and Changes in Earnings and profitability are value relevant but the size and industry type have no impact on value relevance

Prevalence of Substance Abuse Screening Of Adults by Pediatricians

As the heroin epidemic grips our country, teenage substance abuse in Punjab, much like other states, is increasing at alarming rates. Prevention and educational efforts as a result of screening and a focus on long term and sustainable goals of impacting the heroin epidemic need to be implemented now to have the greatest effect. In 2011, the American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP) issued a policy statement which recommends pediatricians provide instruction regarding substance abuse during their clinical interactions with adolescents. This study utilizes the Theoretical Domains Framework (TDF) through the use of a modified Determinants of Implementation Behavior Questionnaire (DIBQ) to survey pediatricians practicing within a rural region regarding substance abuse screening and intervention of their teenage patients. Use of TDF theory in the development of the DIBQ tool could reveal the specific challenges and barriers to substance abuse screening and the development and implementation of interventions useful in influencing the adoption of the AAP policy by pediatricians. The results of this study determined time as the largest barrier to compliance with the AAP policy, followed by confidentiality issues, limited resources for treatment, and patient level of honesty. All of the study respondents indicated awareness of and compliance with the AAP policy, most participants stated they had not been trained in the use of screening tools

Hilbert series of mixed braid monoid MB2,2 MB_{2, 2}

Hilbert series is a simplest way to calculate the dimension and the degree of an algebraic variety by an explicit polynomial equation. The mixed braid group $B_{m, n}$ is a subgroup of the Artin braid group $B_{m+n}$. In this paper we find the ambiguity-free presentation and the Hilbert series of canonical words of mixed braid monoid $M\!B_{2, 2}$