13 research outputs found

    Association between local immune cell infiltration, mismatch repair status and systemic inflammatory response in colorectal cancer

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    Systemic inflammatory response in colorectal cancer (CRC) has been established as a prognostic factor for impaired cancer-specific survival, predominantly in patients with right-sided tumors. On the other hand, defective mismatch repair (dMMR) tumors, primarily located in the right colon, are known to have favorable survival and dense local immune infiltration. The aim of this study was to see if there is any form of relationship between these seemingly diverse entities.Peer reviewe

    Defektive mismatch repair till patienter med kolrektal cancer

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    Colorectal cancer (CRC) remains a significant healthcare problem worldwide, being the third most common cancer and the fourth most frequent cause of cancer death. Environmental and dietary factors such as alcohol abuse, cigarette smoking, and genetic predisposition seem to constitute the main aetiologies. Two major distinct molecular genetic pathways have been recognised as models of transition from normal epithelium to adenoma and carcinoma. The first involves chromosomal instability (CIN) and the second involves microsatellite instability (MSI). The MSI pathway constitutes 2-4% of CRCs with a hereditary Mismatch Repair (MMR) defect (dMMR) and approximately 15% of sporadic MMR defects due to epigenetic silencing of the MutL homologue 1 (MLH1) promoter. Extracellular factors and spontaneous copy errors necessitate molecular systems to survey and repair human genetic information, and to protect it from chemical disruption. A complicated and entangled network of DNA damage response mechanisms, including multiple DNA repair pathways, damage tolerance processes, and cell cycle checkpoints safeguard genomic integrity. It has recently become apparent that key proteins contributing tocellular survival by taking part in DNA repair become executioners in the face of excess DNA damage. All prokaryotic and eukaryotic organisms have major DNA repair pathways. In each of these DNA repair pathways there are key proteins that have dual functions in DNA damage sensing/repair and apoptosis, taking advantage of the fact that DNA is a double helix with the same information present on both strands. Damages that affect one strand can easily be repaired by excision and replacement with newly synthesised DNA using the complementary strand as a template. MMR plays a critical role in the repair of errors that occur spontaneously during DNA replication, such as single base mismatches. dMMR increases the mutation frequency in an affected cell by approximately 1000 times, leading to MSI through the accumulation of short repetitive DNA sequences called microsatellites. Carcinogenesis in dMMR cases can present as hereditary cases (Lynch syndrome) due to germline mutation inin one of the main MMR genes – MLH1, MSH2, MSH6, and PMS2 or somatic/sporadic cases (epigenetic silencing or somatic inactivation of MLH1promoter. dMMR seems to have a favourable prognosis as these CRCs seems to be less prone to metastasising. This phenomenon is much more obvious for tumour stages II and III, while in advanced disease dMMR seems to lose its positive prognostic effect. Even if the underlying mechanism is not fully understood, some studies attribute the positive effect of dMMR tumours to their increased immunogenicity leading to a stronger more effective immune response. On the other hand, the predictive value of the dMMR mechanism isless well understood and has only gained attention in recent years. In general, dMMR seems to predict a poor response to 5-FU, the basis of gastrointestinal chemotherapy. The aims of this thesis were: 1. To review the latest publications on the role of MSI status as prognostic factor in stage II colon cancer (CC) patients (Study I); 2. To validate MMR status as a prognostic factor in patients with CC Stage II (Study II); 3. To verify MMR status as a predictive factor in relation to the administration of adjuvant chemotherapy in patients with stage II CC (Study III); 4. To investigate the potential role of MMR status as a risk factor for acute CC surgery (Study IV); and finally 5. To investigate the association between CRC with sporadic dMMR and non-colorectal malignancy (Study V). Study I, a meta-analysis reviewing recently published papers, revealed that MSI status in stage II CC patients does not seem to affect overall survival (OS)and disease-free survival (DFS). This lack of impact could be explained by selection bias and the extremely high proportion of patients receiving adjuvant chemotherapy in the studies included. This was the first meta-analysis specifically evaluating patients with colon cancer stage II. The optimal treatment algorithm for these patients remains unclear, and approximately 20% experience relapse and finally die from disseminated disease. Study II verified the prognostic role of MMR status in patients with stage II CC. Patients with a dMMR tumour have a significantly lower risk for cancer recurrence, a finding that is particularly important for CC treatment. This relationship does not correlate to a better OS since these patients are older and often die from other causes. Debate on the best postoperative strategy in stage II CC continues. What this study contributes is the idea that determination of MMR status can have prognostic value in these patients. Study III also verified the predictive role of MMR status in patients with stageII CC, only this time in relation to treatment with adjuvant chemotherapy. Patients with proficient MMR (pMMR) status receiving adjuvant chemotherapy have a significantly better OS than those not receiving adjuvant treatment. This relationship was not seen in patients with a dMMR tumour. Furthermore, patients with a pMMR tumour receiving adjuvant treatment have a significantly longer survival time after the first relapse compared to those not receiving adjuvant treatment. Study IV revealed the higher probability of dMMR tumours to present as a surgical emergency. Stage III and IV tumours were also associated with acute surgery. This association was significant regardless of the potential bias due toretrospective methodology and possible heterogeneity between the differentcohorts. Further research is required before our conclusions can be applied in clinical practice due to the multicomplex relationship and interactions between variables that influence the oncologic outcome of acute CC surgery. Study V revealed that patients with sporadic, non-hereditary dMMR CRC run a greater risk for having non-colorectal cancer prior to or after the diagnosis ofCRC. This implies that patients with a dMMR tumour should be screened for other non-colorectal cancer, more so than in the the general population. Conclusion: CRC continues to be a significant healthcare problem worldwide, and treatment algorithms for patients with different genomic backgrounds can vary significantly. This thesis supports the idea of using MMR status as a prognostic and predictive factor in everyday clinical practice, especially in stage II CC and acute cases.Kolorektalcancer (CRC) utgör, som den tredje vanligaste cancerformen och den fjĂ€rde vanligaste orsaken till cancerdöd, fortfarande ett viktigt hĂ€lsoproblem över hela vĂ€rlden. Defekt Mismatch repair system (dMMR) Ă€r genom felaktig DNAreparation en av de viktigaste orsakerna till utveckling av CRC. Mismatch repair (MMR) spelar en avgörande roll vid reparation av fel som upptrĂ€der spontant under DNA-replikation sĂ„som enkla basmatchningar, korta insertioner eller deletioner. dMMR ökar mutationsfrekvensen i en drabbad cell cirka 1000 gĂ„nger, vilket leder till mikrosatellit-instabilitet (MSI) genom ackumulering av korta repetitiva DNA-sekvenser som kallas mikrosatelliter. Tumörer med dMMR karakteriseras av hög mutationshastighet vilket leder till förekomst av neoantigener pĂ„ cellmembranet. Detta möjliggör för kroppens immunsystem att utveckla ett effektivt immunologiskt svar. UpptĂ€ckten av dMMR Ă€r grunden förnya behandlingar vilka kan pĂ„verka immunologiska kontrollpunkter. dMMR förekommer i cirka 20 % av all CRC och utgörs dels av en Ă€rftlig typ, som finns hos familjer med Lynch syndrom eller Hereditary Non-polyposis Colorectal Cancer (HNPCC), och en sporadisk typ utan Ă€rftlighet. För nĂ€rvarande finns huvudsakligen tvĂ„ metoder för att faststĂ€lla MMR-status. Den första och mest anvĂ€nda bygger pĂ„ Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) som kan utföras pĂ„ fĂ€rsk, fryst eller paraffinbĂ€ddad tumörvĂ€vnad. Analysen bygger pĂ„ en granskning av fem definierade mikrosatellite markörer. Dessa markörer har valts ut vid en konsensuskonferens i Bethesda (1997). MSI graderas som MSI high (MSI-H) dĂ€r tvĂ„ eller flera av markörerna identifieras, MSI low (MSI-L) om en markör identifieras och stabil (MSS) om ingen av dessa markörer Ă„terfinns. Graderingen MSI-L och MSS slĂ„s ofta samman till en grupp, det vill sĂ€ga stabila tumörer. Den andra metoden utgörs av immunohistokemi (IHC) dĂ€r man anvĂ€nder monoklonala antikroppar mot fyra riktade proteiner (MLH1, MSH2, PMS2, MSH6). Idag anvĂ€nds IHC oftare dĂ„ denna teknik Ă€r enklare och billigare. Flera publicerade studier med syfte att jĂ€mföra dessa bĂ„da metoder har pĂ„visat sammstĂ€mighet i mer Ă€n 94 % av tumörerna. Avhandlingen undersöker följande aspekter av MMR status vid kolorektal cancer: Betydelsen i de senast publicerade studierna av MSI-status somprognostisk faktor för patienter med CC stadium II (studie I). Möjligheten att MMR-status utgör en signifikant prognostisk faktor förpatienter med CC stadium II (studie II). Möjligheten att MMR-status utgör en signifikant prediktiv faktor förpatienter med CC stadium II som behandlas med adjuvant kemoterapi(studie III). Möjligheten att dMMR-status utgör en riskfaktor för behov av akutkirurgi vid CC (studie IV). Möjligheten att sporadiska tumörer med dMMR-status löper en högrerisk för utvecklingen av andra cancertyper före eller efter CRC (studieV). Resultat och diskussion: Delarbete 1: I denna meta-analys utgjordes 20.8% av CC i stadium II av MSI/dMMR. Det fanns ingen signifikant skillnad i total överlevnad (OS) mellan MSI/dMMR och MSS/pMMR grupperna. Hazard ratio (HR) för OS var 0.73 (95% konfidenceintervall (CI); 0.33-1.65). Sjukdomsfri överlevnad (DFS) för ovanstĂ„ende grupper uppvisade inte heller nĂ„gon signifikant skillnad. HR för DFS var 0.60 (95% CI; 0.27-1.32). Ingen signifikant skillnad identifierades heller nĂ€r studier som anvĂ€nde genotypning (MG) eller IHC testades separat (MG vs IHC: HR OS 0.45,95% CI; 0.10-2.05 vs 0.95, 95%CI; 0.57-1.58. HR DFS 0.51, 95% CI: 0.14-1.85 vs. 0.67, 95% CI 0.26-1.70). I 8 av 19 studier ingick Ă€ven fall av rektalcancer och i 3 av dessa var andelen rektalcancer inte angiven. Vid analys av studier inkluderande endast koloncancerpatienter var HR för OS 0.72 (95% CI: 0.31-1.71); och HR för DFS 0.60 (95% CI: 0.27-1.31). VĂ„r metaanalys, den första som endast utvĂ€rderar patienter med CC stadium II, pĂ„visades inget signifikant samband mellan MSI/dMMR och OS eller DFS.Huvudorsaken till resultatet Ă€r de motstridiga resultat som studierna presenterar. Dessutom har vi i metaanalysen upptĂ€ckt att 47.3% av patienterna fĂ„tt adjuvant kemoterapi, jĂ€mfört med cirka 25% som numera behandlas i modern onkologisk kontext. Detta resulterar i en dubbelt sĂ„ lĂ„ng överlevnad igruppen med MSS/pMMR jĂ€mfört med MSI/dMMR. Den senare gruppen har betydlig sĂ€mre respons pĂ„ klassisk kemoterapi. Delarbete 2: I denna retrospektiva studie fanns 93 dMMR fall bland 452koloncancerfall (20.6%). Det förelĂ„g inget signifikant samband mellan dMMR och OS (Log-Rank, p=0·583, 95% CI 0.76 – 1.67). DĂ€remot konstaterades en höggradigt signifikant skillnad för tid till progress (TTP) med halverad hazard ratio för dMMR (TTP: HR 0·50, 95% CI 0.28 – 0.87, p = 0·012). SĂ„ledes har dessa patienter en betydligt mindre risk för Ă„terfall och cancerrelaterad död. Detta fynd korrelerar inte med bĂ€ttre OS. En trolig förklaring Ă€r att koloncancer i detta stadium har en generellt god prognos efter kirurgi. I och med att dMMR-patienter Ă€r Ă€ldre Ă€n de med pMMR drabbas de oftare av andra dödsorsaker Ă€n cancerrelaterade. TTP-analys visar att dMMR-status utgör en prognostisk faktor avseende Ă„terfall och koloncancerrelaterade dödsfall för patienter med koloncancer stadium II. Som en följd av detta bör MMR-status anvĂ€ndas i klinisk xiiipraxis som grund för beslut om adjuvant terapi, Ă€ven om de flesta studier visar att vikten av MMR-status pĂ„verkas Ă€ven av andra faktorer. Delarbete 3: I denna retrospektiva multicenterstudie som inkluderar 451 patienter med CC stadium II förelĂ„g dMMR i 20.4%. Denna patientgrupp fick ingen överlevnadsvinst av adjuvant kemoterapi (HR 1.05; 95% CI 0.47-2.38, p=0.897). Å andra sidan visade sig patienter med pMMR-status som fĂ„tt adjuvant kemoterapi ha en signifikant bĂ€ttre OS jĂ€mfört med de som endast behandlades med kirurgi (HR 0.54; 95% CI 0.35-0.82, p=0.004). Detta förhĂ„llande bibehöllsvid multivariabel analys (HR 0.42; 95% CI 0.22-0.78, p=0.007). Patienter tillhörande pMMR gruppen som drabbades av Ă„terfall efter adjuvant kemoterapi hade en signifikant bĂ€ttre överlevnad jĂ€mfört med de som inte fick adjuvant postoperativ behandling (HR 0.55; 95% CI 0.32-0.96, p=0.033). Detta varsignifikant Ă€ven i den multivariabla modellen (HR 0.49; 95% CI 0.26-0.93, p=0.030). Fynden Ă€r mycket intressanta gĂ€llande beslut om behandlingsstrategi för CC stadium II, dĂ„ de visar en tydlig relation mellan MMR-status och respons pĂ„ adjuvant kemoterapi. Delarbete 4: I denna retrospektiva multicenterstudie som inkluderar 870 koloncancer-patienter frĂ„n tre olika lĂ€nder (Sverige, Finland och Tjeckien) var 399 patienter kvinnor (46%), medianĂ„lder vid kirurgi var 69 Ă„r och dMMR status förelĂ„g hos 190 patienter (22%). Akut kirurgi, dvs kirurgi vid samma vĂ„rdtillfĂ€llesom nĂ€r CC diagnosen stĂ€lldes, genomfördes hos 179 patienter (21%). dMMR status förelĂ„g i 57 fall (32%) (p=0.001). Patienterna delades in i en skandinavisk undersökningsgrupp (Sverige och Finland) som inkluderade 412 patienter och en tjeckisk valideringsgrupp som utgjordes av 458 patienter. I den skandinaviska gruppen förelĂ„g ett signifikant samband mellan dMMR-status och akut kirurgi i sĂ„vĂ€l uni- (Odds Ratio (OR) 1.82, 95% CI 1.11-3.02, p=0.017) som multivariabel (OR=2.21, 95% CI 1.28-3.95, p=0.005) analys. Detta samband bekrĂ€ftades i den tjeckiska valideringsgruppen vid sĂ„vĂ€l uni- (OR=1.94, 95% CI 1.09-3.26, p=0.022) som multivariabel (OR=1.77, 95% CI 1.15-3.18, p=0.021) analys. Dessa fynd Ă€r intressanta dĂ„ det rör sig om variabler som pĂ„verkar utfallet vid akut insjuknande i CC. Delarbete 5: I denna retrospektiva multicenterstudie som inkluderar 1753 CRCpatienter frĂ„n tre olika lĂ€nder (Sverige, Finland och Tjeckien) var 838 patienter kvinnor (48%), medianĂ„ldern vid kirurgi var 67 Ă„r och sporadisk dMMR status förelĂ„g hos 236 patienter (13%). Av dessa hade 327 patienter (19%) diagnostiserats med minst en annan icke-kolorektal malignitet innan eller efterdiagnosen av CRC. Det förelĂ„g ett signifikant högre incidence rate ratio (IRR) för förekomst av icke kolorektal malignitet 20 Ă„r innan och efter (fram till stoppdatum för uppföljning) debuten av CRC, sĂ„vĂ€l i den uni- (IRR=1.45, 95% CI 1.10-1.92, p=0.009) som i den multivariabla (IRR=1.46, 95% CI 1.09-1.95, xivp=0.011) modellen för patienter med sporadiska dMMR jĂ€mfört med pMMR fall. Detta fenomen var Ă€nnu mer uppenbart för icke kolorektal malignitet som upptrĂ€dde efter den primĂ€ra diagnosen för CRC bĂ„de i den uni- (IRR=1.64, 95% CI 1.15-2.36, p=0.007) och multivariabla (IRR=1.61, 95% CI 1.10-2.35, p=0.014) modellen. Dessa fynd behöver verifieras men skulle kunna vara betydelsefulla vid utformning av framtida uppföljningsprogram vid CRC riktad mot patienter med icke Ă€rftlig dMMR tumör

    Defektive mismatch repair till patienter med kolrektal cancer

    No full text
    Colorectal cancer (CRC) remains a significant healthcare problem worldwide, being the third most common cancer and the fourth most frequent cause of cancer death. Environmental and dietary factors such as alcohol abuse, cigarette smoking, and genetic predisposition seem to constitute the main aetiologies. Two major distinct molecular genetic pathways have been recognised as models of transition from normal epithelium to adenoma and carcinoma. The first involves chromosomal instability (CIN) and the second involves microsatellite instability (MSI). The MSI pathway constitutes 2-4% of CRCs with a hereditary Mismatch Repair (MMR) defect (dMMR) and approximately 15% of sporadic MMR defects due to epigenetic silencing of the MutL homologue 1 (MLH1) promoter. Extracellular factors and spontaneous copy errors necessitate molecular systems to survey and repair human genetic information, and to protect it from chemical disruption. A complicated and entangled network of DNA damage response mechanisms, including multiple DNA repair pathways, damage tolerance processes, and cell cycle checkpoints safeguard genomic integrity. It has recently become apparent that key proteins contributing tocellular survival by taking part in DNA repair become executioners in the face of excess DNA damage. All prokaryotic and eukaryotic organisms have major DNA repair pathways. In each of these DNA repair pathways there are key proteins that have dual functions in DNA damage sensing/repair and apoptosis, taking advantage of the fact that DNA is a double helix with the same information present on both strands. Damages that affect one strand can easily be repaired by excision and replacement with newly synthesised DNA using the complementary strand as a template. MMR plays a critical role in the repair of errors that occur spontaneously during DNA replication, such as single base mismatches. dMMR increases the mutation frequency in an affected cell by approximately 1000 times, leading to MSI through the accumulation of short repetitive DNA sequences called microsatellites. Carcinogenesis in dMMR cases can present as hereditary cases (Lynch syndrome) due to germline mutation inin one of the main MMR genes – MLH1, MSH2, MSH6, and PMS2 or somatic/sporadic cases (epigenetic silencing or somatic inactivation of MLH1promoter. dMMR seems to have a favourable prognosis as these CRCs seems to be less prone to metastasising. This phenomenon is much more obvious for tumour stages II and III, while in advanced disease dMMR seems to lose its positive prognostic effect. Even if the underlying mechanism is not fully understood, some studies attribute the positive effect of dMMR tumours to their increased immunogenicity leading to a stronger more effective immune response. On the other hand, the predictive value of the dMMR mechanism isless well understood and has only gained attention in recent years. In general, dMMR seems to predict a poor response to 5-FU, the basis of gastrointestinal chemotherapy. The aims of this thesis were: 1. To review the latest publications on the role of MSI status as prognostic factor in stage II colon cancer (CC) patients (Study I); 2. To validate MMR status as a prognostic factor in patients with CC Stage II (Study II); 3. To verify MMR status as a predictive factor in relation to the administration of adjuvant chemotherapy in patients with stage II CC (Study III); 4. To investigate the potential role of MMR status as a risk factor for acute CC surgery (Study IV); and finally 5. To investigate the association between CRC with sporadic dMMR and non-colorectal malignancy (Study V). Study I, a meta-analysis reviewing recently published papers, revealed that MSI status in stage II CC patients does not seem to affect overall survival (OS)and disease-free survival (DFS). This lack of impact could be explained by selection bias and the extremely high proportion of patients receiving adjuvant chemotherapy in the studies included. This was the first meta-analysis specifically evaluating patients with colon cancer stage II. The optimal treatment algorithm for these patients remains unclear, and approximately 20% experience relapse and finally die from disseminated disease. Study II verified the prognostic role of MMR status in patients with stage II CC. Patients with a dMMR tumour have a significantly lower risk for cancer recurrence, a finding that is particularly important for CC treatment. This relationship does not correlate to a better OS since these patients are older and often die from other causes. Debate on the best postoperative strategy in stage II CC continues. What this study contributes is the idea that determination of MMR status can have prognostic value in these patients. Study III also verified the predictive role of MMR status in patients with stageII CC, only this time in relation to treatment with adjuvant chemotherapy. Patients with proficient MMR (pMMR) status receiving adjuvant chemotherapy have a significantly better OS than those not receiving adjuvant treatment. This relationship was not seen in patients with a dMMR tumour. Furthermore, patients with a pMMR tumour receiving adjuvant treatment have a significantly longer survival time after the first relapse compared to those not receiving adjuvant treatment. Study IV revealed the higher probability of dMMR tumours to present as a surgical emergency. Stage III and IV tumours were also associated with acute surgery. This association was significant regardless of the potential bias due toretrospective methodology and possible heterogeneity between the differentcohorts. Further research is required before our conclusions can be applied in clinical practice due to the multicomplex relationship and interactions between variables that influence the oncologic outcome of acute CC surgery. Study V revealed that patients with sporadic, non-hereditary dMMR CRC run a greater risk for having non-colorectal cancer prior to or after the diagnosis ofCRC. This implies that patients with a dMMR tumour should be screened for other non-colorectal cancer, more so than in the the general population. Conclusion: CRC continues to be a significant healthcare problem worldwide, and treatment algorithms for patients with different genomic backgrounds can vary significantly. This thesis supports the idea of using MMR status as a prognostic and predictive factor in everyday clinical practice, especially in stage II CC and acute cases.Kolorektalcancer (CRC) utgör, som den tredje vanligaste cancerformen och den fjĂ€rde vanligaste orsaken till cancerdöd, fortfarande ett viktigt hĂ€lsoproblem över hela vĂ€rlden. Defekt Mismatch repair system (dMMR) Ă€r genom felaktig DNAreparation en av de viktigaste orsakerna till utveckling av CRC. Mismatch repair (MMR) spelar en avgörande roll vid reparation av fel som upptrĂ€der spontant under DNA-replikation sĂ„som enkla basmatchningar, korta insertioner eller deletioner. dMMR ökar mutationsfrekvensen i en drabbad cell cirka 1000 gĂ„nger, vilket leder till mikrosatellit-instabilitet (MSI) genom ackumulering av korta repetitiva DNA-sekvenser som kallas mikrosatelliter. Tumörer med dMMR karakteriseras av hög mutationshastighet vilket leder till förekomst av neoantigener pĂ„ cellmembranet. Detta möjliggör för kroppens immunsystem att utveckla ett effektivt immunologiskt svar. UpptĂ€ckten av dMMR Ă€r grunden förnya behandlingar vilka kan pĂ„verka immunologiska kontrollpunkter. dMMR förekommer i cirka 20 % av all CRC och utgörs dels av en Ă€rftlig typ, som finns hos familjer med Lynch syndrom eller Hereditary Non-polyposis Colorectal Cancer (HNPCC), och en sporadisk typ utan Ă€rftlighet. För nĂ€rvarande finns huvudsakligen tvĂ„ metoder för att faststĂ€lla MMR-status. Den första och mest anvĂ€nda bygger pĂ„ Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) som kan utföras pĂ„ fĂ€rsk, fryst eller paraffinbĂ€ddad tumörvĂ€vnad. Analysen bygger pĂ„ en granskning av fem definierade mikrosatellite markörer. Dessa markörer har valts ut vid en konsensuskonferens i Bethesda (1997). MSI graderas som MSI high (MSI-H) dĂ€r tvĂ„ eller flera av markörerna identifieras, MSI low (MSI-L) om en markör identifieras och stabil (MSS) om ingen av dessa markörer Ă„terfinns. Graderingen MSI-L och MSS slĂ„s ofta samman till en grupp, det vill sĂ€ga stabila tumörer. Den andra metoden utgörs av immunohistokemi (IHC) dĂ€r man anvĂ€nder monoklonala antikroppar mot fyra riktade proteiner (MLH1, MSH2, PMS2, MSH6). Idag anvĂ€nds IHC oftare dĂ„ denna teknik Ă€r enklare och billigare. Flera publicerade studier med syfte att jĂ€mföra dessa bĂ„da metoder har pĂ„visat sammstĂ€mighet i mer Ă€n 94 % av tumörerna. Avhandlingen undersöker följande aspekter av MMR status vid kolorektal cancer: Betydelsen i de senast publicerade studierna av MSI-status somprognostisk faktor för patienter med CC stadium II (studie I). Möjligheten att MMR-status utgör en signifikant prognostisk faktor förpatienter med CC stadium II (studie II). Möjligheten att MMR-status utgör en signifikant prediktiv faktor förpatienter med CC stadium II som behandlas med adjuvant kemoterapi(studie III). Möjligheten att dMMR-status utgör en riskfaktor för behov av akutkirurgi vid CC (studie IV). Möjligheten att sporadiska tumörer med dMMR-status löper en högrerisk för utvecklingen av andra cancertyper före eller efter CRC (studieV). Resultat och diskussion: Delarbete 1: I denna meta-analys utgjordes 20.8% av CC i stadium II av MSI/dMMR. Det fanns ingen signifikant skillnad i total överlevnad (OS) mellan MSI/dMMR och MSS/pMMR grupperna. Hazard ratio (HR) för OS var 0.73 (95% konfidenceintervall (CI); 0.33-1.65). Sjukdomsfri överlevnad (DFS) för ovanstĂ„ende grupper uppvisade inte heller nĂ„gon signifikant skillnad. HR för DFS var 0.60 (95% CI; 0.27-1.32). Ingen signifikant skillnad identifierades heller nĂ€r studier som anvĂ€nde genotypning (MG) eller IHC testades separat (MG vs IHC: HR OS 0.45,95% CI; 0.10-2.05 vs 0.95, 95%CI; 0.57-1.58. HR DFS 0.51, 95% CI: 0.14-1.85 vs. 0.67, 95% CI 0.26-1.70). I 8 av 19 studier ingick Ă€ven fall av rektalcancer och i 3 av dessa var andelen rektalcancer inte angiven. Vid analys av studier inkluderande endast koloncancerpatienter var HR för OS 0.72 (95% CI: 0.31-1.71); och HR för DFS 0.60 (95% CI: 0.27-1.31). VĂ„r metaanalys, den första som endast utvĂ€rderar patienter med CC stadium II, pĂ„visades inget signifikant samband mellan MSI/dMMR och OS eller DFS.Huvudorsaken till resultatet Ă€r de motstridiga resultat som studierna presenterar. Dessutom har vi i metaanalysen upptĂ€ckt att 47.3% av patienterna fĂ„tt adjuvant kemoterapi, jĂ€mfört med cirka 25% som numera behandlas i modern onkologisk kontext. Detta resulterar i en dubbelt sĂ„ lĂ„ng överlevnad igruppen med MSS/pMMR jĂ€mfört med MSI/dMMR. Den senare gruppen har betydlig sĂ€mre respons pĂ„ klassisk kemoterapi. Delarbete 2: I denna retrospektiva studie fanns 93 dMMR fall bland 452koloncancerfall (20.6%). Det förelĂ„g inget signifikant samband mellan dMMR och OS (Log-Rank, p=0·583, 95% CI 0.76 – 1.67). DĂ€remot konstaterades en höggradigt signifikant skillnad för tid till progress (TTP) med halverad hazard ratio för dMMR (TTP: HR 0·50, 95% CI 0.28 – 0.87, p = 0·012). SĂ„ledes har dessa patienter en betydligt mindre risk för Ă„terfall och cancerrelaterad död. Detta fynd korrelerar inte med bĂ€ttre OS. En trolig förklaring Ă€r att koloncancer i detta stadium har en generellt god prognos efter kirurgi. I och med att dMMR-patienter Ă€r Ă€ldre Ă€n de med pMMR drabbas de oftare av andra dödsorsaker Ă€n cancerrelaterade. TTP-analys visar att dMMR-status utgör en prognostisk faktor avseende Ă„terfall och koloncancerrelaterade dödsfall för patienter med koloncancer stadium II. Som en följd av detta bör MMR-status anvĂ€ndas i klinisk xiiipraxis som grund för beslut om adjuvant terapi, Ă€ven om de flesta studier visar att vikten av MMR-status pĂ„verkas Ă€ven av andra faktorer. Delarbete 3: I denna retrospektiva multicenterstudie som inkluderar 451 patienter med CC stadium II förelĂ„g dMMR i 20.4%. Denna patientgrupp fick ingen överlevnadsvinst av adjuvant kemoterapi (HR 1.05; 95% CI 0.47-2.38, p=0.897). Å andra sidan visade sig patienter med pMMR-status som fĂ„tt adjuvant kemoterapi ha en signifikant bĂ€ttre OS jĂ€mfört med de som endast behandlades med kirurgi (HR 0.54; 95% CI 0.35-0.82, p=0.004). Detta förhĂ„llande bibehöllsvid multivariabel analys (HR 0.42; 95% CI 0.22-0.78, p=0.007). Patienter tillhörande pMMR gruppen som drabbades av Ă„terfall efter adjuvant kemoterapi hade en signifikant bĂ€ttre överlevnad jĂ€mfört med de som inte fick adjuvant postoperativ behandling (HR 0.55; 95% CI 0.32-0.96, p=0.033). Detta varsignifikant Ă€ven i den multivariabla modellen (HR 0.49; 95% CI 0.26-0.93, p=0.030). Fynden Ă€r mycket intressanta gĂ€llande beslut om behandlingsstrategi för CC stadium II, dĂ„ de visar en tydlig relation mellan MMR-status och respons pĂ„ adjuvant kemoterapi. Delarbete 4: I denna retrospektiva multicenterstudie som inkluderar 870 koloncancer-patienter frĂ„n tre olika lĂ€nder (Sverige, Finland och Tjeckien) var 399 patienter kvinnor (46%), medianĂ„lder vid kirurgi var 69 Ă„r och dMMR status förelĂ„g hos 190 patienter (22%). Akut kirurgi, dvs kirurgi vid samma vĂ„rdtillfĂ€llesom nĂ€r CC diagnosen stĂ€lldes, genomfördes hos 179 patienter (21%). dMMR status förelĂ„g i 57 fall (32%) (p=0.001). Patienterna delades in i en skandinavisk undersökningsgrupp (Sverige och Finland) som inkluderade 412 patienter och en tjeckisk valideringsgrupp som utgjordes av 458 patienter. I den skandinaviska gruppen förelĂ„g ett signifikant samband mellan dMMR-status och akut kirurgi i sĂ„vĂ€l uni- (Odds Ratio (OR) 1.82, 95% CI 1.11-3.02, p=0.017) som multivariabel (OR=2.21, 95% CI 1.28-3.95, p=0.005) analys. Detta samband bekrĂ€ftades i den tjeckiska valideringsgruppen vid sĂ„vĂ€l uni- (OR=1.94, 95% CI 1.09-3.26, p=0.022) som multivariabel (OR=1.77, 95% CI 1.15-3.18, p=0.021) analys. Dessa fynd Ă€r intressanta dĂ„ det rör sig om variabler som pĂ„verkar utfallet vid akut insjuknande i CC. Delarbete 5: I denna retrospektiva multicenterstudie som inkluderar 1753 CRCpatienter frĂ„n tre olika lĂ€nder (Sverige, Finland och Tjeckien) var 838 patienter kvinnor (48%), medianĂ„ldern vid kirurgi var 67 Ă„r och sporadisk dMMR status förelĂ„g hos 236 patienter (13%). Av dessa hade 327 patienter (19%) diagnostiserats med minst en annan icke-kolorektal malignitet innan eller efterdiagnosen av CRC. Det förelĂ„g ett signifikant högre incidence rate ratio (IRR) för förekomst av icke kolorektal malignitet 20 Ă„r innan och efter (fram till stoppdatum för uppföljning) debuten av CRC, sĂ„vĂ€l i den uni- (IRR=1.45, 95% CI 1.10-1.92, p=0.009) som i den multivariabla (IRR=1.46, 95% CI 1.09-1.95, xivp=0.011) modellen för patienter med sporadiska dMMR jĂ€mfört med pMMR fall. Detta fenomen var Ă€nnu mer uppenbart för icke kolorektal malignitet som upptrĂ€dde efter den primĂ€ra diagnosen för CRC bĂ„de i den uni- (IRR=1.64, 95% CI 1.15-2.36, p=0.007) och multivariabla (IRR=1.61, 95% CI 1.10-2.35, p=0.014) modellen. Dessa fynd behöver verifieras men skulle kunna vara betydelsefulla vid utformning av framtida uppföljningsprogram vid CRC riktad mot patienter med icke Ă€rftlig dMMR tumör

    Microfluidic Single-Cell Study on Arabidopsis thaliana Protoplast Fusion—New Insights on Timescales and Reversibilities

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    Seidel T, Artmann PJ, Gkekas I, Illies F, Baack A-L, Viefhues M. Microfluidic Single-Cell Study on Arabidopsis thaliana Protoplast Fusion—New Insights on Timescales and Reversibilities. Plants. 2024;13(2): 295.Plant cells are omnipotent and breeding of new varieties can be achieved by protoplast fusion. Such fusions can be achieved by treatment with poly(ethylene glycol) or by applying an electric field. Microfluidic devices allow for controlled conditions and targeted manipulation of small batches of cells down to single-cell analysis. To provide controlled conditions for protoplast fusions and achieve high reproducibility, we developed and characterized a microfluidic device to reliably trap some Arabidopsis thaliana protoplasts and induced cell fusion by controlled addition of poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG, with a molecular weight of 6000). Experiments were conducted to determine the survival rate of isolated protoplasts in our microfluidic system. Afterward, PEG-induced fusion was studied. Our results indicate that the following fusion parameters had a significant impact on the fusion efficiency and duration: PEG concentration, osmolality of solution and flow velocity. A PEG concentration below 10% led to only partial fusion. The osmolality of the PEG fusion solution was found to strongly impact the fusion process; complete fusion of two source cells sufficiently took part in slightly hyper-osmotic solutions, whereas iso-osmotic solutions led to only partial fusion at a 20% PEG concentration. We observed accelerated fusion for higher fluid velocities. Until this study, it was common sense that fusion is one-directional, i.e., once two cells are fused into one cell, they stay fused. Here, we present for the first time the reversible fusion of protoplasts. Our microfluidic device paves the way to a deeper understanding of the kinetics and processes of cell fusion

    A Rare Variation of Transverse Testicular Ectopia (TTE) in a Young Adult as an Incidental Finding during Investigation for Testicular Pain

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    Transverse testicular ectopia (TTE) with fused vas deferens is an extremely rare clinical entity. Herein, we present a case of a 19-year-old patient with persistent left testicular pain lasting for a week. Clinical examination revealed an empty right hemiscrotum, a normal left-sided descended testis, and in close proximity a mass-like structure resembling testicular parenchyma. Laboratory tests were significant for elevated follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), while sperm count revealed azoospermia. Ultrasound imaging (US) of the scrotum demonstrated the presence of both testes in the same left hemiscrotum with varicocele and no signs of inguinal hernia. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of the penis and scrotum revealed TTE with a single, fused vas deferens, and hypoplastic seminal vesicles. Surgical intervention by means of microsurgical sperm retrieval and transseptal orchidopexy were considered but not performed, primarily owing to the patient’s unwillingness and to a lesser extent due to the restriction that the short and fused vas would pose in an attempt to transpose the ectopic testis. Therefore, an annual follow-up was recommended

    Fabrication and Optimization of 3D-Printed Silica Scaffolds for Neural Precursor Cell Cultivation

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    The latest developments in tissue engineering scaffolds have sparked a growing interest in the creation of controlled 3D cellular structures that emulate the intricate biophysical and biochemical elements found within versatile in vivo microenvironments. The objective of this study was to 3D-print a monolithic silica scaffold specifically designed for the cultivation of neural precursor cells. Initially, a preliminary investigation was conducted to identify the critical parameters pertaining to calcination. This investigation aimed to produce sturdy and uniform scaffolds with a minimal wall-thickness of 0.5 mm in order to mitigate the formation of cracks. Four cubic specimens, with different wall-thicknesses of 0.5, 1, 2, and 4 mm, were 3D-printed and subjected to two distinct calcination profiles. Thermogravimetric analysis was employed to examine the freshly printed material, revealing critical temperatures associated with increased mass loss. Isothermal steps were subsequently introduced to facilitate controlled phase transitions and reduce crack formation even at the minimum wall thickness of 0.5 mm. The optimized structure stability was obtained for the slow calcination profile (160 min) then the fast calcination profile (60 min) for temperatures up to 900 °C. In situ X-ray diffraction analysis was also employed to assess the crystal phases of the silicate based material throughout various temperature profiles up to 1200 °C, while scanning electron microscopy was utilized to observe micro-scale crack formation. Then, ceramic scaffolds were 3D-printed, adopting a hexagonal and spherical channel structures with channel opening of 2 mm, and subsequently calcined using the optimized slow profile. Finally, the scaffolds were evaluated in terms of biocompatibility, cell proliferation, and differentiation using neural precursor cells (NPCs). These experiments indicated proliferation of NPCs (for 13 days) and differentiation into neurons which remained viable (up to 50 days in culture). In parallel, functionality was verified by expression of pre- (SYN1) and post-synaptic (GRIP1) markers, suggesting that 3D-printed scaffolds are a promising system for biotechnological applications using NPCs

    Sporadic deficient mismatch repair in colorectal cancer increases the risk for non-colorectal malignancy : a European multicenter cohort study

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    Background and Objectives: Disparities between tumors arising via different sporadic carcinogenetic pathways have not been studied systematically. This retrospective multicenter cohort study evaluated the differences in the risk for non-colorectal malignancy between sporadic colorectal cancer (CRC) patients from different DNA mismatch repair status. Methods: A retrospective European multicenter cohort study including in total of 1706 CRC patients treated between 1996 and 2019 in three different countries. The proficiency (pMMR) or deficiency (dMMR) of mismatch repair was determined by immunohistochemistry. Cases were analyzed for tumor BRAFV600E mutation, and BRAF mutated tumors were further analyzed for hypermethylation status in the promoter region of MLH1 to distinguish between sporadic and hereditary cases. Swedish and Finish patients were matched with their respective National Cancer Registries. For the Czech cohort, thorough scrutiny of medical files was performed to identify any non-colorectal malignancy within 20 years before or after the diagnosis of CRC. Poisson regression analysis was performed to identify the incidence rates of non-colorectal malignancies. For validation purposes, standardized incidence ratios were calculated for the Swedish cases adjusted for age, year, and sex. Results: Of the 1706 CRC patients included in the analysis, 819 were female [48%], median age at surgery was 67 years [interquartile range: 60–75], and sporadic dMMR was found in 188 patients (11%). Patients with sporadic dMMR CRC had a higher incidence rate ratio (IRR) for non-colorectal malignancy before and after diagnosis compared to patients with a pMMR tumor, in both uni- (IRR = 2.49, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.89–3.31, p = 0.003) and multivariable analysis (IRR = 2.24, 95% CI = 1.67–3.01, p = 0.004). This association applied whether or not the non-colorectal tumor developed before or after the diagnosis of CRC in both uni- (IRR = 1.91, 95% CI = 1.28–2.98, p = 0.004), (IRR = 2.45, 95% CI = 1.72–3.49, p = 0.004) and multivariable analysis (IRR = 1.67,95% CI = 1.05–2.65, p = 0.029), (IRR = 2.35, 95% CI = 1.63–3.42, p = 0.005), respectively. Conclusion: In this retrospective European multicenter cohort study, patients with sporadic dMMR CRC had a higher risk for non-colorectal malignancy than those with pMMR CRC. These findings indicate the need for further studies to establish the need for and design of surveillance strategies for patients with dMMR CRC
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