917 research outputs found
Towards the disintermediation of creative music search: Analysing queries to determine important facets
Purpose: Creative professionals search for music to accompany moving images in films, advertising, television. Some larger music rights holders (record companies and music publishers) organise their catalogues to allow online searching. These digital libraries are organised by various subjective musical facets as well as by artist and title metadata. The purpose of this paper is to present an analysis of written queries relating to creative music search, contextualised and discussed within the findings of text analyses of a larger research project whose aim is to investigate meaning making in this search process.
Method: A facet analysis of a collection of written music queries is discussed in relation to the organisation of the music in a selection of bespoke search engines.
Results: Subjective facets, in particular Mood, are found to be highly important in query formation. Unusually, detailed Music Structural aspects are also key.
Conclusions: These findings are discussed in relation to disintermediation of this process. It is suggested that there are barriers to this, both in terms of classification and also commercial / legal factors
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Upbeat and quirky with a bit of a build: Interpretive repertories in creative music search
Pre-existing commercial music is widely used to accom-pany moving images in films, TV commercials and com-puter games. This process is known as music synchronisa-tion. Professionals are employed by rights holders and film makers to perform creative music searches on large catalogues to find appropriate pieces of music for syn-chronisation. This paper discusses a Discourse Analysis of thirty interview texts related to the process. Coded ex-amples are presented and discussed. Four interpretive repertoires are identified: the Musical Repertoire, the Soundtrack Repertoire, the Business Repertoire and the Cultural Repertoire. These ways of talking about music are adopted by all of the community regardless of their interest as Music Owner or Music User.
Music is shown to have multi-variate and sometimes conflicting meanings within this community which are dynamic and negotiated. This is related to a theoretical feedback model of communication and meaning making which proposes that Owners and Users employ their own and shared ways of talking and thinking about music and its context to determine musical meaning. The value to the music information retrieval community is to inform system design from a user information needs perspective
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Organising music for movies
Purpose - The purpose of this paper is to examine and discuss the classification of commercial popular music when large digital collections are organised for use in films.
Design/methodology/approach - A range of systems are investigated and their organization is discussed, focusing on an analysis of the metadata used by the systems and choices given to the end-user to construct a query. The indexing of the music is compared to a checklist of music facets which has been derived from recent musicological literature on semiotic analysis of popular music. These facets include aspects of communication, cultural and musical expression, codes and competences.
Findings -In addition to bibliographic detail, descriptive metadata is used to organise music in these systems. Genre, subject and mood are used widely; some musical facets also appear. The extent to which attempts are being made to reflect these facets in the organization of these systems is discussed. A number of recommendations are made which may help to improve this process.
Originality/value - This paper discusses an area of creative music search which has not previously been investigated in any depth and makes recommendations based on findings and the literature which may be used in the development of commercial systems as well as making a contribution to the literature
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Music, movies and meaning: communication in film-markers' search for pre-existing music, and the implications for music information retrieval
While the use of music to accompany moving images is widespread, the information behaviour, communicative practice and decision making by creative professionals within this area of the music industry is an under-researched area. This investigation discusses the use of music in films and advertising focusing on communication and meaning of the music and introduces a reflexive communication model. The model is discussed in relation to interviews with a sample of music professionals who search for and use music for their work. Key factors in this process include stakeholders, briefs, product knowledge and relevance. Searching by both content and context is important, although the final decision when matching music to picture is partly intuitive and determined by a range of stakeholders
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Content or context? Searching for musical meaning in task-based interactive information retrieval
Creative professionals search for digital music to accompany moving images using interactive information retrieval systems run by music publishers and record companies. This research investigates the creative professionals and the intermediaries communication processes and information seeking and use behaviour with a view to making recommendations to information retrieval systems builders as to the extent of relative importance of content and contextual factors. A communications model is used to suggest that the meaning of music is determined by its listener and use context, as well as cultural codes and competences. The research is framed by a holistic approach based on Ingwersen and Jarvelin’s Interactive Information Seeking, Retrieval and Behavioral processes model
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Creative professional users musical relevance criteria
Although known item searching for music can be dealt with by searching metadata using existing text search techniques, human subjectivity and variability within the music itself make it very difficult to search for unknown items. This paper examines these problems within the context of text retrieval and music information retrieval. The focus is on ascertaining a relationship between music relevance criteria and those relating to relevance judgements in text retrieval. A data-rich collection of relevance judgements by creative professionals searching for unknown musical items to accompany moving images using real world queries is analysed. The participants in our observations are found to take a socio-cognitive approach and use a range of content and context based criteria. These criteria correlate strongly with those arising from previous text retrieval studies despite the many differences between music and text in their actual content
HST and UKIRT imaging observations of z~1 6C radio galaxies - II. Galaxy morphologies and the alignment effect
(abridged) Powerful radio galaxies often display enhanced optical/UV emission
regions, elongated and aligned with the radio jet axis. The aim of this series
of papers is to separately investigate the effects of radio power and redshift
on the alignment effect, together with other radio galaxy properties. In this
second paper, we present a deeper analysis of the morphological properties of
these systems, including both the host galaxies and their surrounding aligned
emission. The host galaxies of our 6C subsample are well described as de
Vaucouleurs ellipticals, with typical scale sizes of ~10kpc. This is comparable
to the host galaxies of low-z radio sources of similar powers, and also the
more powerful 3CR sources at the same redshift. The contribution of nuclear
point source emission is also comparable, regardless of radio power. The 6C
alignment effect is remarkably similar to that seen around more powerful 3CR
sources at the same redshift in terms of extent and degree of alignment with
the radio source axis, although it is generally less luminous. The bright,
knotty features observed in the case of the z~1 3CR sources are far less
frequent in our 6C subsample; neither do we observe such strong evidence for
evolution in the strength of the alignment effect with radio source size/age.
However, we do find a very strong link between the most extreme alignment
effects and emission line region properties indicative of shocks, regardless of
source size/age or power. In general, the 6C alignment effect is still
considerably stronger than that seen around lower redshift galaxies of similar
radio powers. (abridged)Comment: 23 pages, 15 figures, accepted for publication in MNRAS. See
http://www.mrao.cam.ac.uk/~kji/MorphPaper/ for version of paper with full
resolution images of Figs 1-1
Deep spectroscopy of z~1 6C radio galaxies - II. Breaking the redshift-radio power degeneracy
The results of a spectroscopic analysis of 3CR and 6C radio galaxies at
redshift z~1 are contrasted with the properties of lower redshift radio
galaxies, chosen to be matched in radio luminosity to the 6C sources studied at
z~1, thus enabling the P-z degeneracy to be broken. Partial rank correlations
and principal component analysis have been used to determine which of z and P
are the critical parameters underlying the observed variation of the ionization
state andd kinematics of the emission line gas. [OII]/H-beta is shown to be a
useful ionization mechanism diagnostic. Statistical analysis of the data shows
that the ionization state of the emission line gas is strongly correlated with
radio power, once the effects of other parameters are removed. No dependence of
ionization state on z is observed, implying that the ionization state of the
emission line gas is solely a function of the AGN properties rather than the
hostt galaxy and/or environment. Statistical analysis of the kinematic
properties of the emission line gas shows that these are strongly correlated
independently withh both P and z. The correlation with redshift is the stronger
of the two, suggesting that host galaxy composition or environment may play a
role in producing the less extreme gas kinematics observed in the emission line
regions of low redshift galaxies. For both the ionization and kinematic
properties of thee galaxies, the independent correlations observed with radio
size are strongest. Radio source age is a determining factor for the extended
emission line regions.Comment: 10 pages, 5 figures, accepted for publication in MNRA
HST and UKIRT imaging observations of z ~ 1 6C radio galaxies - I. The data
The results of Hubble Space Telescope and UKIRT imaging observations are
presented for a sample of 11 6C radio galaxies with redshifts 0.85 < z < 1.5.
The observations of the 6C sources reveal a variety of different features,
similar to those observed around the higher luminosity of the aligned emission
appears less extreme in the case of the 6C radio galaxies. For both samples,
the aligned emission clearly cannot be explained by a single emission
mechanism; line emission and related nebular continuum emission, however, often
provide a significant contribution to the aligned emission.Comment: 17 pages, 11 figures (figs 3,6,11 low resolution - full resolution
images can be obtained from http://www.mrao.cam.ac.uk/~kji/ImagingFigs/).
Accepted for publication in MNRA
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