670 research outputs found
Mental health and educational attainment: How developmental stage matters
Developmental science suggests that the consequences of mental health problems for life-course outcomes may depend on the timing of their onset. This study investigated the extent to which mental health predicted educational attainment at ages 17, 20, and 25 and whether gender moderated the links between mental health and educational attainment. It used data from Next Steps, a nationally representative panel survey of individuals born in 1989/1990 in England (N = 15,594, 48% female, 33% ethnic minority). The findings suggest that differences in mental health were more consequential for educational attainment during adolescence than in young adulthood. On average, girls attained higher levels of education than boys, but gender did not moderate the role that mental health played for educational attainment. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2023 APA, all rights reserved)
Open Letter(s) on Open Access
It is well known that one major obstacle to achieving open access (OA) is misunderstanding among stakeholders; some say it is the biggest problem of all. Throughout the supply-chain of producing and consuming scholarly literature, many participantsâespecially authorsâunderstand the broader objectives of OA but not the practical steps they can take to help increase the accessibility of research. The purpose of âOpen Letter(s) on Open Accessâ (OLOA) is to provide initial examples of communications that illustrate such steps. We do so by examining sets of well-regarded academic sources and evaluating the various paths that authors choose as a means of sharing their works with others, including Gold OA, Green OA, hybrid options, uploading to academic social media sites, deposits to institutional repositories, and so on. The letter(s) then offer commentary on the sharing practices and possibilities we discover. As the plural in the title suggests, OLOA is explicitly unexhaustive and reiterative, an example that others can copy and improve upon; thus, a key part of the project is to produce a set of processes that can be used by anyone interested in educating researchers about ways to advance sustainable accessibility.
These proceedings of our presentation at the Charleston Conference 2018 articulate our central goals, summarize the work we have done so far, and suggest future directions for the project. Just as the digital information and scholarly landscape is constantly changing, our work is always in progress
The role of CD8+ t cells in endometriosis: a systematic review
Background: Endometriosis is a chronic disease affecting 6â10% of women of reproductive age. It is an important cause of infertility and chronic pelvic pain with poorly understood aetiology. CD8+ T (CD8 T) cells were shown to be linked to infertility and chronic pain and play a significant role in lesion clearance in other pathologies, yet their function in endometriosis is unknown. We systematically evaluated the literature on the CD8 T in peripheral blood and endometriosis-associated tissues to determine the current understanding of their pathophysiological and clinical relevance in the disease and associated conditions (e.g. infertility and pelvic pain).
Methods: Four databases were searched (MEDLINE, EMBASE, Web of Science, CINAHL), from database inception until September 2022, for papers written in the English language with database-specific relevant terms/free-text terms from two categories: CD8 T cells and endometriosis. We included peer-reviewed papers investigating CD8 T cells in peripheral blood and endometriosis-associated tissues of patients with surgically confirmed endometriosis between menarche and menopause, and animal models with oestrous cycles. Studies enrolling participants with other gynaecological pathologies (except uterine fibroids and tubal factor infertility used as controls), cancer, immune diseases, or taking immune or hormonal therapy were excluded.
Results: 28 published case-control studies and gene set analyses investigating CD8 T cells in endometriosis were included. Data consistently indicate that CD8 T cells are enriched in endometriotic lesions in comparison to eutopic endometrium, with no differences in peripheral blood CD8 T populations between patients and healthy controls. Evidence on CD8 T cells in peritoneal fluid and eutopic endometrium is conflicting. CD8 T cell cytotoxicity was increased in the menstrual effluent of patients, and genomic analyses have shown a clear trend of enriched CD8 T effector memory cells in the eutopic endometrium of patients.
Conclusion: Literature on CD8 T cells in endometriosis-associated tissues is inconsistent. Increased CD8 T levels are found in endometriotic lesions, however, their activation potential is understudied in all relevant tissues. Future research should focus on identifying clinically relevant phenotypes to support the development of non-invasive diagnostic and treatment strategies.
Systematic Review Registration: PROSPERO identifier CRD4202123330
Model Development Using Data from Germany and a Mixed-Methods Research Strategy
A pattern found in many marketing systems, âmale breadwinning,â is contingent
upon overlapping and shared ideologies, which influence the economic
organization and thus the type and number of relationships in those systems.
Implementing a mixed-methods research methodology, this article continues and
extends previous work in macromarketing on the interplay of markets, ideology,
socio-economic organization, and family. A qualitative study illuminated the
main ideologies behind male breadwinning and a model was developed to advance
the theoretical analysis of the phenomenon of male breadwinning. An experiment
in the form of a vignette study was subsequently designed and administered.
The qualitative study and the vignette study both show ideologies interact in
the way individuals make sense of them or allow them to influence their
decisions. The results have implications for the way families and markets are
organized, such as the supply of labor of men and women and the offerings of
care-related public and private services in a broader marketing system
Sementes crioulas: o estado da arte no Rio Grande do Sul
This study investigated the state of the art of traditional, or landrace seeds in the State of Rio Grande do Sul. An ethnographic study was carried out by means of a non-statistical seed sampling in 13 farms from eight municipalities lying in the regions of the Greater Porto Alegre, Serra, Planalto MĂ©dio, DepressĂŁo Central and Serra do Sudeste. A broad diversity of ancient plants was observed. These species survive in the farms with the help of a seed bank. All in all, 39 plant species were characterized, distributed in 12 families, totaling 258 instances of landrace seeds grown in the farms visited. According to the farmers, the preference for landrace seeds is due chiefly to seed adaptability, better flavor and quality of the produce grown therefrom, valuablezation of customs and lower production costs. As regards seed upkeep, the most common difficulties mentioned were the lack of interest by the younger generations, and the obstacles in swapping and obtaining seeds. Alternatives to the upkeep of traditional seeds developed in different zones were also discussed as choices to plant conservation.landrace seeds, agrobiodiversity, family agriculture, sustainability, Agribusiness, Q20,
Male Breadwinner Ideology and the Inclination to Establish Market Relationships: Model Development Using Data from Germany and a Mixed-Methods Research Strategy
A pattern found in many marketing systems, âmale breadwinning,â is contingent upon overlapping and shared ideologies, which influence the economic organization and thus the type and number of relationships in those systems. Implementing a mixed-methods research methodology, this article continues and extends previous work in macromarketing on the interplay of markets, ideology, socio-economic organization, and family. A qualitative study illuminated the main ideologies behind male breadwinning and a model was developed to advance the theoretical analysis of the phenomenon of male breadwinning. An experiment in the form of a vignette study was subsequently designed and administered. The qualitative study and the vignette study both show ideologies interact in the way individuals make sense of them or allow them to influence their decisions. The results have implications for the way families and markets are organized, such as the supply of labor of men and women and the offerings of care-related public and private services in a broader marketing system
Mental health and educational attainment: How developmental stage matters.
peer reviewedDevelopmental science suggests that the consequences of mental health problems for life-course outcomes may depend on the timing of their onset. This study investigated the extent to which mental health predicted educational attainment at ages 17, 20, and 25 and whether gender moderated the links between mental health and educational attainment. It used data from Next Steps, a nationally representative panel survey of individuals born in 1989/1990 in England (N = 15,594, 48% female, 33% ethnic minority). The findings suggest that differences in mental health were more consequential for educational attainment during adolescence than in young adulthood. On average, girls attained higher levels of education than boys, but gender did not moderate the role that mental health played for educational attainment. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2023 APA, all rights reserved)
DITAMES ĂTICOS FRENTE Ă RECUSA DE TRATAMENTO
No Brasil, assim como em muitos outros paĂses, o tratamento mĂ©dico, quando eletivo e sem a necessidade de emergĂȘncia, estĂĄ pautado na premissa do consentimento do paciente frente Ă conduta do mĂ©dico. PorĂ©m, o que gera muito debate acerca do assunto Ă© nos casos em que o tratamento Ă© negado pelo paciente ou seu(s) acompanhante(s). Neste grupo encontram-se os adeptos Ă religiĂŁo Testemunhas de JeovĂĄ, os quais sĂŁo religiosamente impedidos de receber transfusĂŁo sanguĂnea e sĂŁo cada vez mais numerosos e presentes na prĂĄtica mĂ©dica, mas tambĂ©m os pacientes que, deliberadamente, sem razĂŁo convincente para o mĂ©dico, recusam-se a aceitar a conduta proposta unicamente por exercer seu princĂpio da autonomia e beneficĂȘncia, mesmo que psicolĂłgica, por acreditarem ter mais riscos para si do que benefĂcios, incluindo integridade moral, psĂquica, fĂsica e religiosa. Essas situaçÔes criam um ambiente de discordĂąncia, exigindo a necessidade de empatia e conhecimento sobre a Ă©tica mĂ©dica por parte do mĂ©dico para com o paciente. Esse conhecimento deve estar sempre atualizado acerca de novas tecnologias e alternativas terapĂȘuticas, para que o paciente possa dispor de um nĂșmero maior de opçÔes de tratamento caso venha a recusar a conduta mĂ©dica por razĂ”es ideolĂłgicas e religiosas. Os princĂpios da autonomia e da beneficĂȘncia sĂŁo, entĂŁo, as questĂ”es Ă©ticas envolvidas nesses casos. Nesta pesquisa propĂ”e-se analisar os princĂpios Ă©ticos e sua legitimidade diante do paciente que se recusa a fazer tratamento mĂ©dico, e elucidar como a autonomia desse paciente pode ser preservada Ă luz da bioĂ©tica e da tecnologia moderna. A metodologia utilizada foi uma revisĂŁo bibliogrĂĄfica pela busca on-line no banco de dados dos sites Scielo, Google AcadĂȘmico, PubMed e Revista BioĂ©tica do Conselho Federal de Medicina (CFM). HĂĄ um consenso, tanto no campo da medicina quanto do direito, de que o cidadĂŁo adulto competente tem direito Ă autonomia de tomar decisĂ”es importantes sobre a sua vida. Em tais decisĂ”es, inclui-se o direito Ă recusa de tratamento. Os artigos selecionados tambĂ©m demonstraram essa posição em comum, de que a autonomia e a beneficĂȘncia do paciente devem ser preservadas, independente da causa da recusa do tratamento, exceto nos casos que colocam o paciente sob risco de vida. Nessas ocasiĂ”es especiais, hĂĄ uma limitação na autonomia do paciente que se refere Ă recusa de tratamento mĂ©dico, as quais levaram o Conselho Regional de Medicina de SĂŁo Paulo, por meio da Resolução de 1974, a guiar a conduta dos mĂ©dicos nas seguintes situaçÔes: [...] se paciente grave, inconsciente e desacompanhado de familiares precisar de transfusĂŁo de sangue, ela deve ser feita sem demora; se paciente grave, inconsciente e acompanhado de parente que impeça a transfusĂŁo, o mĂ©dico deve esclarecĂȘ-lo de sua necessidade e, havendo a relutĂąncia, recorrer Ă autoridade policial e judicial; se paciente lĂșcido se negar a transfusĂŁo, deve assinar termo de responsabilidade perante autoridade policial ou judicial, e o mĂ©dico deve tentar tratamento alternativo. Mas isso nĂŁo significa, necessariamente, que a autonomia deve ser ignorada, como afirmam as autoras Sudati e Cavaltante (2009): â[...] a autonomia Ă© [...] a liberdade que o indivĂduo tem de poder optar por aquilo que seja melhor para si mesmo; [...] Ă© a liberdade de escolha ou recusa de um tratamento mĂ©dico, ainda que essa decisĂŁo provoque ao indivĂduo, consequĂȘncias graves.â Para esses casos, o autor JoĂŁo Vaz Rodriguez, citado no artigo de Nascimento (2010), defende o uso do termo âdissentimento informadoâ, jĂĄ que o termo âconsentimento informadoâ remete a uma aceitação do paciente ao que foi sugerido pelo seu mĂ©dico. Quando essa decisĂŁo Ă© tomada com base em princĂpios religiosos, Ă© comum haver menor aceitação do mĂ©dico, o qual, muitas vezes, chega a recorrer Ă justiça para que o tratamento seja executado. Segundo o autor, nĂŁo Ă© papel do mĂ©dico contestar sobre as crenças do paciente, mas certificar-se de que este Ă© esclarecido e convicto dela (NASCIMENTO, 2010). AlĂ©m disso, no CĂłdigo de Ătica MĂ©dica (CEM) (1988), em seu artigo 48, encontra-se que â[...] Ă© vedado ao mĂ©dico exercer a sua autoridade de maneira a limitar o direito do paciente de decidir livremente sobre a sua pessoa e o seu bem-estar.â Ă nisso que as autoras Sudati e Cavaltante (2009) se basearam para relatar que âO dever do mĂ©dico de cuidar do paciente acaba quando este, lĂșcido e informado das condiçÔes, opĂ”e-se ao tratamento.â O CĂłdigo de Ătica MĂ©dica (1988) reforça, ainda, essa questĂŁo no capĂtulo I dos princĂpios fundamentais, inciso XXI: âNo processo de tomada de decisĂ”es profissionais, de acordo com seus ditames de consciĂȘncia e as previsĂ”es legais, o mĂ©dico aceitarĂĄ as escolhas de seus pacientes, relativas aos procedimentos diagnĂłsticos e terapĂȘuticos por eles expressos, desde que adequadas ao caso e cientificamente reconhecidas.â Contudo, hĂĄ uma parcela dos mĂ©dicos que se defendem a partir do artigo 56 do CEM (1988), que em seu teor diz: âĂ vedado ao mĂ©dico desrespeitar o direito do paciente de decidir livremente sobre a execução de prĂĄticas diagnĂłsticas ou terapĂȘuticas, salvo em caso de iminente perigo de vidaâ, surgindo, entĂŁo, uma possibilidade de controvĂ©rsia na aplicação das leis Ă©ticas (SOUZA; MORAES, 1998). Paralelo a isso, Sudati e Cavaltante (2009) discutem, tambĂ©m, sobre o termo âobstinação terapĂȘuticaâ, que se refere Ă quelas situaçÔes em que o mĂ©dico, pelo simples fato de dispor de muitas tecnologias cientĂficas, acaba usando-as para uma prĂĄtica mĂ©dica excessiva e abusiva, que visa, prioritariamente, Ă abordagem da doença e nĂŁo do doente e suas vontades, ignorando a autonomia deste. Isso Ă© alertado no CEM (1988), no capĂtulo V art. 35, sobre exceder-se a terapĂȘutica e outros procedimentos mĂ©dicos sem necessidade real. Em contrapartida, hĂĄ possibilidades de aliar essas tecnologias cientĂficas com o paradigma do agir com base no dever, em uma visĂŁo paternalista, para o agir com base nos preceitos Ă©ticos e morais do paciente. No capĂtulo I do CEM (1988), inciso V, relata-se que âCompete ao mĂ©dico aprimorar continuamente seus conhecimentos e usar o melhor do progresso cientĂfico em benefĂcio do pacienteâ e, ainda, no capĂtulo V, art. 32, que Ă© vedado ao mĂ©dico âDeixar de usar todos os meios disponĂveis de diagnĂłstico e tratamento, cientificamente reconhecidos e a seu alcance, em favor do paciente.â HĂĄ respaldo, tambĂ©m, no Conselho Regional de Medicina do Rio de Janeiro (Cremerj), na resolução n. 136/1999, art. 1°, que diz âO mĂ©dico, ciente formalmente da recusa do paciente em receber transfusĂŁo de sangue e/ou seus derivados, deverĂĄ recorrer a todos os mĂ©todos alternativos de tratamento ao seu alcance.â Silva et al. (2013) apontam algumas das terapĂȘuticas alternativas, como o sangue artificial ou substituto do sangue, os expansores de volume (cristaloides), as terapias de oxigĂȘnio, a hemodiluição, a eritropoietina humana recombinante (leva a medula Ăłssea a aumentar sua produção de glĂłbulos vermelhos, usando em associação com os expansores de volume), antifibrinolĂticos, colas e seladores de fibrina (agem diminuido o volume de sangramento numa hemorragia). Mesmo diante dessas medidas alternativas, nĂŁo hĂĄ garantia de que o paciente irĂĄ aceitĂĄ-las, exercendo seu direito expresso na Carta de Direitos dos UsuĂĄrios de SaĂșde (2006), em seu artigo 4Âș inciso XI: â[...] o direito Ă escolha de alternativa de tratamento, quando houver, e Ă consideração da recusa de tratamento propostoâ, sendo o profissional mĂ©dico tentado a tomar medidas extremas, desconsiderando a autonomia do paciente. Para tanto, a razĂŁo para a desconsideração com as crenças individuais no que se refere Ă recusa do tratamento, segundo alguns profissionais mĂ©dicos, seria atribuĂda Ă beneficĂȘncia do paciente, ou seja, zelar pela vida. PorĂ©m, â[...] beneficĂȘncia requer que o mĂ©dico faça o que beneficiarĂĄ o seu paciente, de acordo com a visĂŁo do paciente e nĂŁo com a visĂŁo do mĂ©dico; respeito Ă autonomia e a beneficĂȘncia contribui harmoniosamente pelo bem-estar do paciente como um todo.â (SPRUNG; EIDELMAN apud SOUZA; MORAES, 1998). Conclui-se que a tendĂȘncia da medicina contemporĂąnea Ă© respeitar a autonomia dos pacientes, mas situaçÔes de emergĂȘncia colocam esse princĂpio em xeque. Para isso, hĂĄ dispositivos em vĂĄrias esferas regulamentando a conduta do profissional no que se refere ao direito de escolha do paciente Ă recusa de tratamento. Nesse contexto, mostra-se necessĂĄria uma constante atualização do mĂ©dico sobre as terapĂȘuticas existentes, tornando possĂvel a harmonia entre os conceitos de beneficĂȘncia tanto na visĂŁo do mĂ©dico como na do paciente e, assim, deixar para trĂĄs o conceito paternalista do mĂ©dico. De tal modo, a autonomia vista na prĂĄtica passa a ser mais respeitada pelos profissionais e elevada a patamares idealizados pelas regulamentaçÔes do CĂłdigo de Ătica MĂ©dica e de outras resoluçÔes.Palavras-chave: TransfusĂŁo de sangue. Testemunhas de JeovĂĄ. Direitos do paciente.
Chandra X-ray Observations of 12 Millisecond Pulsars in the Globular Cluster M28
We present a Chandra X-ray Observatory investigation of the millisecond
pulsars (MSPs) in the globular cluster M28 (NGC 6626). In what is one of the
deepest X-ray observations of a globular cluster, we firmly detect seven and
possibly detect two of the twelve known M28 pulsars. With the exception of PSRs
B1821-24 and J1824-2452H, the detected pulsars have relatively soft spectra,
with X-ray luminosities 10^30-31 ergs s^-1 (0.3-8 keV),similar to most
"recycled" pulsars in 47 Tucanae and the field of the Galaxy, implying thermal
emission from the pulsar magnetic polar caps. We present the most detailed
X-ray spectrum to date of the energetic PSR B1821-24. It is well described by a
purely non-thermal spectrum with spectral photon index 1.23 and luminosity
1.4x10^33Theta(D/5.5 kpc)^2 ergs s^-1 (0.3-8 keV), where Theta is the fraction
of the sky covered by the X-ray emission beam(s). We find no evidence for the
previously reported line emission feature around 3.3 keV, most likely as a
consequence of improvements in instrument calibration. The X-ray spectrum and
pulse profile of PSR B1821--24 suggest that the bulk of unpulsed emission from
this pulsar is not of thermal origin, and is likely due to low-level
non-thermal magnetospheric radiation, an unresolved pulsar wind nebula, and/or
small-angle scattering of the pulsed X-rays by interstellar dust grains. The
peculiar binary PSR J1824-2452H shows a relatively hard X-ray spectrum and
possible variability at the binary period, indicative of an intrabinary shock
formed by interaction between the relativistic pulsar wind and matter from its
non-degenerate companion star.Comment: 9 pages, 6 figures. Accepted for publication in the Astophysical
Journa
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