32 research outputs found

    Life Cycle of the Soybean Aphid Aphis glycines Matsumura, in Japan

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    The soybean aphid Aphis glycines MATSUMURA is the main sap-sucking pest on soybeans Glycine max. In Japan, it is distributed from Hokkaido to Kyushu (Sakai, 1949); abroad, it is found in Korea, China, Taiwan, Thailand, Malay (Paik, 1965), the Phillipines (Takahashi, 1966), and India (Raychaudhuri et al., 1980). In addition to soybeans, wild Glycine species are known to be a secondary host. Matsumura reported this aphid species on soybean (1917a) and in the same year recorded that its eggs over-wintered on plants belonging to the wild pea family (1917b). Shindo (1928, 1932) originally identified Kitsunenomago Justicia procumbens and purplish amaranth Amaranthus blitum as primary hosts, but later retracted and reported that the eggs over-winter in the roots of the Japanese chaff flower Acyranthes japonica (1941). However, Sakai (1949, 1950a, b) showed in greenhouse studies that this aphid does not over-winter in the chaff flower, and concluded that the species found on chaff flower was actually Aphis justiciae SHINJI which Shindo (1928) considered to be the same as Aphis glycines. While the controversy in Japan about the primary host remained unresolved, in China it was reported by Wang et al. (1962) that the eggs over-wintered in the Dahurian buckthorn Rhamnus davurica of the buckthorn family. Zhang and Zhong (1982) subsequently established that several of the 15 species in the genus Rhamnus found in China were primary hosts. In the reports from China, only the body color and the number of secondary sensilla of the third antennal segment of gynopara were reported, and no mention was made of the morphs on the primary host. Since 1981, our field surveys and greenhouse studies have focused on the life cycle and morphs on primary hosts in the genus Rhamnus, the results of which are reported here.Originating text in Japanese.Citation: Takahashi, Shigeru, Inaizumi, Mitsumaru, Kawakami, Koji. (1993). Life Cycle of the Soybean Aphid Aphis glycines Matsumura, in Japan. Japanese Journal of Applied Entomology and Zoology, 37, 207-212

    アフリカ ニ オケル ノウギョウ フキュウ キョウイク カッセイ カ ノ ドウコウ ガーナ エチオピア ニ オケル SAFE プログラム オ チュウシン ト シテ

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    アフリカ諸国の農業発展に農業普及事業が大きな鍵を握ると期待され続けて久しいが,実際には多くの陥穽にあえいでいる。この状況に風穴を開けるべく積極的に展開されている現職普及員のための能力向上教育訓練(SAFE : Sasakawa Africa Fund for Extension Education)プログラムがある。本稿ではガーナとエチオピアの現地調査を元にSAFEプログラムの現状と卒業生の効果感を取り上げ,このプログラムの成果と課題について検討した。その結果SAFEプログラムは,同国の農業を取り巻く深刻な環境劣化や厳しい財政状況の中にあって,綿密な計画の下に実施される実習など独自の教育方法を通じ,現場において農民・農業普及員の双方に「気付き」を中心とした積極的な態度を植付ける一方,連邦・州の各組織において,実践的な農業普及員が集団として政策等に影響を及ぼす基礎を築きつつあると見られた。こうした点でSAFEプログラムはアフリカ農業活性化の可能性を開くものとして,今後の動向に注目すべきであろう。Although many people have regarded agricultural extension programs as one of the most important devices for agricultural development for a long time, in reality its potential has not been fulfilled, especially in the African continent. To counter this situation, a new program has begun in several African countries, namely SAFE (Sasakawa Africa Fund for Extension Education) Program. In this study, special focus is placed on Ghana and Ethiopia, in order to understand the effects of this program. The information is gathered through related literature reviews and interviews with graduates. The analysis results show that one of the most important effects is developing an attitude of AWARENESS, not only for trainees of this program, but also for farmers, which is brought about through the program\u27s unique educational content and methods, including the Supervised Enterprise Project known as SEP

    チイキ ノウギョウ シンコウ モデル コウチク ノ タメ ノ チョウサチ ノ センテイ ─ インドネシア・ボゴール ノウソン ニ オケル トクサンヒン カイハツ ジレイ ─

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    インドネシアでは近年,急激な工業化によって経済成長が著しいが,農村部門では相変わらず貧困率が高止まりしており,農村部の所得向上が緊急の課題となっている。地域農業が発展していくには,営農における経営の維持安定とともに生物生産の基盤となる農生態系の安定が課題となる。本研究は,地域農業の持続的発展を究極の目的として,小規模農家の経営を向上させることで貧困の解消が可能になるよう,地域特産品の作出を軸とした多様な農業の展開を目指している。そのために,持続可能な地域農業の形成のための実学的アプローチとして,社会経済的分野と農生態学(アグロエコロジー)分野を統合させるような地域レベルでの研究を遂行するための調査対象地を選定することを目的とした。 まず,西ジャワ州ボゴール郊外の14村を決定し,社会経済状況を整理し,さらに主成分分析によって村々の特徴を把握した。そこで,貧困率が高く,特産品のプログラムの取り組みが始まっている4村に絞り込みを行った。ここで現地に赴き,それぞれの村の自然環境および村落の状況について村役場でのインタビューや住民への聞き取り調査を実施し,農生態系の構成と農村開発の可能性を検討し,最終的に 1村に決定した。最後に,対象1村について,農業上の課題を明確化し,今後の研究の方向性を示した。Economic development has been accelerated by rapid industrialization, however poverty still remains as a major issue and improving income level is a significant agenda in the rural areas in Indonesia. In order to develop regional agriculture, the stability of both farm economy and agroecosystem as the bases of bioproduction are the main challenges. To pursue the sustainable development of regional agriculture, we set out to evolve a more diversified agriculture with special regional products for the elimination of poverty through the improvement of the household economy of small scale farms. This study aims to select a research site to integrate socio-economic as well as agroecological approaches as a practical science to find a new direction toward sustainable regional agriculture. Firstly, we chose 14 candidate villages in the rural area of Bogor, West Java, and sorted out the socio-economic factors by conducting principal component analysis to break down the characteristics of the villages. Four predominantly agricultural villages with the highest rate of poverty were selected. Then we conducted a field survey to clarify the natural environment and the actual situation of these rural communities by interviewing village officers and farmers. The potential for rural development based on diversified agroecosystems was considered and finally one village was selected. Agricultural issues in the intended village were overviewed and the direction of further research clarified

    Determinants of mechanized cassava processing technology adoption in West Africa

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    This paper aims to identify the determinants of adoption of mechanized processing technologies in cassava processing. The paper is based on information collected at the farm-level in ten major cassava producing countries of Africa within the context of the Collaborative Study of Cassava in Africa. High labour requirement, especially female labour is a constraint to processing of cassava into certain products. Mechanized machines for performing certain processing tasks have been available for nearly fifty years in some West African villages but not in East or Southern Africa. The machines were available at village level where individual farmers may take their cassava for processing. Shortage of female labour, easy farmer access to market centres and production of convenient cassava food products are key determinants of adoption of the mechanized processing machines in a village

    Adoption and impact of dryseason dualpurpose cowpea in the semiarid zone of Nigeria

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    In the semiarid region of West and Central Africa, farmers traditionally cultivate different cowpea varieties for grain and fodder. However, the grain yield potential and the availability of good quality fodder is limited by several factors: insects, pests and diseases, low and erratic rainfall, and the long dry season. In the early 1990s, the International Institute of Tropical Agriculture (IITA), in collaboration with the International Livestock Research Institute (ILRI), initiated a breeding program to develop improved cowpea varieties that produce both grain for human consumption and fodder for livestock in the dry season. This paper examines the patterns, levels, rate of adoption, and the impact of one of the most promising varieties (IT89KD-288) introduced to farmers in Kano State, Nigeria. The diffusion and uptake of this variety had been very impressive as it reached over 1500 farmers in 1997, only 4 years after its accidental release to one farmer. The results show that farmers derived substantial benefits from adopting dry-season dual-purpose cowpea. These include food security during a critical period of the year, cash income, crop diversification, fodder, and in situ grazing after harvesting, in periods when the prices of cowpea grain peak, and when good quality fodder is scarce. Dry-season dual-purpose cowpea is thus a profitable technology that will find economic and ecological niches in the mixed crop/livestock farming systems of the semiarid zones of West and Central Africa
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