31 research outputs found

    Bank Capital Requirements, Business Cycle Fluctuations and the Basel Accords: A Synthesis

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    In order to survey the mechanisms through which the introduction of Basel II bank capital requirements is likely to accentuate the procyclical tendencies of banking, this paper brings together the theoretical literature on the bank capital channel of propagation of exogenous shocks and the literature on the regulatory framework of capital requirements under the Basel Accords. We conclude that, although the theoretical models that revisit the bank capital channel under the new Accord generally support the Basel II procyclicality hypothesis, this issue is still subject to some debate. In particular, the magnitude of the procyclical effects under Basel II should essentially depend on (i) the composition of banks' asset portfolios, (ii) the approach adopted by banks to compute their minimum capital requirements, (iii) the nature of the rating system used by banks, (iv) the view adopted concerning how credit risk evolves through time, (v) the capital buffers over the regulatory minimum held by the banking institutions, (vi) the improvements in credit risk management, and (vii) the supervisor and market intervention under Basel II.Bank Capital Channel, Basel Accords, Business Cycles, Procyclicality

    (Un)anticipated monetary policy in a DSGE model with a shadow banking system : [Version 21 Juni 2012]

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    Motivated by the U.S. events of the 2000s, we address whether a too low for too long interest rate policy may generate a boom-bust cycle. We simulate anticipated and unanticipated monetary policies in state-of-the-art DSGE models and in a model with bond financing via a shadow banking system, in which the bond spread is calibrated for normal and optimistic times. Our results suggest that the U.S. boom-bust was caused by the combination of (i) too low for too long interest rates, (ii) excessive optimism and (iii) a failure of agents to anticipate the extent of the abnormally favorable conditions

    Monetary policy shocks in a DSGE model with a shadow banking system

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    This paper is motivated by the recent financial crisis and addresses whether a “too low for too long” interest rate policy may generate a boom-bust cycle. We suggest a model in which a microfounded shadow banking sector is included in an otherwise state-of-the-art DSGE model. When faced with perverse incentives, financial intermediaries within the shadow banking sector can divert a fraction of stockholders’ profits for their own benefits and extend credit at a discounted rate. The model predicts that long periods of accommodative monetary policy do create the preconditions for, but do not cause per se, a boom-bust cycle. Rather, it is the combination of a persistent monetary ease with microeconomic distortions in the financial system that causes a boom-bust.monetary policy; DSGE model; shadow banking system; boom-bust

    (Un)anticipated Monetary policy in a DSGE model with a shadow banking system (Bank of Finland Research Discussion Paper 4/2013)

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    Motivated by the U.S. events of the 2000s, we address whether a too low for too long interest rate policy may generate a boom-bust cycle. We simulate anticipated and unanticipated monetary policies in state-of-the-art DSGE models and in a model with bond financing via a shadow bankingsystem, in which the bond spread is calibrated for normal and optimistic times. Our results suggest that the U.S. boom-bust was caused by the combination of (i) interest rates that were too low for too long, (ii) excessive optimism and (iii) a failure of agents to anticipate the extent of the abnormally favourable conditions

    Essays on Macroeconomics of Banking: Credit Frictions, Business Cycle and Bank Capital

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    O papel das imperfeições do sistema financeiro na propagação de choques exógenos na economia tem sido tema de debate constante na literatura, com implicações significativas ao nível institucional. A principal questão em jogo é saber se as referidas imperfeições são capazes de transformar choques exógenos de pequena magnitude em movimentos amplificados e persistentes do produto agregado.Esta dissertação insere-se nesta linha de investigação analisando a forma como as estruturas microeconómicas, tais como a forma de financiamento dos bancos e a relação entre estes e os seus clientes, interagem com as condições macroeconómicas. Este trabalho contribui para clarificar o papel do capital dos bancos e da sua regulação na propagação dos ciclos económicos, tendo em conta a presente alteração nos requisitos mínimos de capital proposta pelo Acordo de Basileia II.Após o Capítulo 1, que articula a literatura teórica sobre a relação entre o capital dos bancos e os ciclos económicos com a literatura sobre os requisitos de capital exigidos pelos Acordos de Basileia, o Capítulo 2 propõe um modelo dinâmico de equilíbrio geral no qual os bancos estão sujeitos a requisitos mínimos de capital ajustados pelo risco. Tendo em conta que a emissão de capital pelos bancos é mais onerosa do que os depósitos, devido à preferência das famílias por liquidez, e que esta diferença de custo tende a aumentar (diminuir) durante uma recessão (expansão), exploramos, neste capítulo, um canal adicional através do qual os efeitos dos choques exógenos na actividade económica são amplificados o bank capital channel. Este efeito de amplificação é mais forte quando introduzimos as regras propostas por Basileia II (por oposição a Basileia I).Para avaliar com mais exactidão os potenciais efeitos pró-cíclicos de Basileia II, integramos, no Capítulo 3, a relação entre o banco e as empresas às quais este empresta num modelo de agentes heterogéneos, de acordo com o qual as condições de acesso ao crédito por parte de cada uma dessas empresas dependem do seu risco de crédito. Este modelo permite-nos concluir que, na medida em que (i) é mais dispendioso deter capital dos bancos durante uma recessão e (ii) o portfolio do banco é caracterizado por uma fracção significativa de pequenas empresas fortemente dependentes do crédito bancário, a introdução de Basileia II acentua as tendências pró-cíclicas do sistema bancário, amplificando as flutuações dos ciclos económicos

    “Saberes e Fazeres de Berta Rosa Limpo. A Construção de um Êxito: o Livro de Pantagruel”

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    A história do sucesso editorial de O Livro de Pantagruel , a obra de cozi-nha mais popular no século XX em Portugal , é indissociável da expe-riência de vida da sua multifacetada autora , Berta Rosa Limpo. Median-te uma sábia gestão do seu relacionamento com o público na colunasemanal “ Correio de Pantagruel ” granjeou uma autoridade no domínioda culinária que lhe permitiria introduzir novos hábitos nas mesas por-tuguesas. Pretende-se neste artigo analisar as estratégias da autora parase impor no panorama editorial e inquirir directamente fontes no femi-nino , através da correspondência trocada entre a colunista e suas leito-ras , testemunhas na primeira pessoa do conturbado período de final epós II Guerra Mundial , desde o nascimento da coluna , em 1944 , até1952 , data da 11.ª edição da obra em apreço , e verificar a evolução doscostumes de mesa , dos produtos e receitas às práticas de sociabilidadeimplícitas , ditados quer pela moda quer pela necessidade

    Monetary policy shocks in a DSGE model with a shadow banking system

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    This paper is motivated by the recent nancial crisis and addresses whether a too low for too long interest rate policy may generate a boom-bust cycle. We suggest a model in which a microfounded shadow banking sector is included in an otherwise state-of-the-art DSGE model.When faced with perverse incentives, financial intermediaries within the shadow banking sector can divert a fraction of stockholders' profits for their own benets and extend credit at a discounted rate. The model predicts that long periods of accommodative monetary policy do create thepreconditions for, but do not cause per se, a boom-bust cycle. Rather, it is the combination ofa persistent monetary ease with microeconomic distortions in the financial system that causes a boom-bust

    Virulence in Murine Model Shows the Existence of Two Distinct Populations of Brazilian Vaccinia virus Strains

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    Brazilian Vaccinia virus had been isolated from sentinel mice, rodents and recently from humans, cows and calves during outbreaks on dairy farms in several rural areas in Brazil, leading to high economic and social impact. Some phylogenetic studies have demonstrated the existence of two different populations of Brazilian Vaccinia virus strains circulating in nature, but little is known about their biological characteristics. Therefore, our goal was to study the virulence pattern of seven Brazilian Vaccinia virus strains. Infected BALB/c mice were monitored for morbidity, mortality and viral replication in organs as trachea, lungs, heart, kidneys, liver, brain and spleen. Based on the virulence potential, the Brazilian Vaccinia virus strains were grouped into two groups. One group contained GP1V, VBH, SAV and BAV which caused disease and death in infected mice and the second one included ARAV, GP2V and PSTV which did not cause any clinical signals or death in infected BALB/c mice. The subdivision of Brazilian Vaccinia virus strains into two groups is in agreement with previous genetic studies. Those data reinforce the existence of different populations circulating in Brazil regarding the genetic and virulence characteristics

    Em torno da mesa do rei: artefatos, convivialidade e celebração no Rio de Janeiro joanino

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    Este artigo aborda um aspecto relevante do ritual das refeições na corte de D. João VI, no Rio de Janeiro: a prataria de mesa. Isto é, objetos de luxo destinados a servir e a consumir os alimentos. Com base em um inventário de bens de mesa enviados do Rio de Janeiro para Lisboa junto com o monarca em seu retorno a Portugal, em 1821, este artigo procura refletir sobre as funções e possíveis usos desses objetos, assim como sobre a importância desse universo material para o funcionamento, representação e celebração da Casa Real portuguesa na sua nova sede. O artigo argumenta que a presença e o uso de baixelas de prata de serviço, mas também de grande aparato, nas refeições públicas da família real pode contribuir para se repensar a imagem de uma corte pobre e sem brilho recorrentemente reforçada na historiografia do período joanino.This article discusses a specific issue of the royal dinner's rituals at the Court of Rio de Janeiro: the silver service: some luxury artifacts of different forms specially made to serve and consume food. Based on a inventory of these silver objects and also on a stock of table linen which were shipped to Lisbon, along with the royal family in 1821, The article intend to explore the functions and utilities of those objects at the table, as well as, analyze the importance of this material universe for the functioning, representation and celebration of the Portuguese Royal House in its new headquarters.The article argues that the use and even the exhibition of the banquet silver in public ceremonies may contribute to change a rather depreciative image of poverty the royal court in Brazil, which has being explored by the historiography for more than a hundred years
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