5,793 research outputs found

    The Logic & Limits of the Exceptional Circumstances Test in Magill and IMS Health

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    In this Article, we show that, in contrast to the Commission\u27s balancing approach in Microsoft, the ECJ\u27s narrow construction of the obligation to license IP under Article 82 of the EC Treaty is based on sound economics and constitutes appropriate public policy. The set of “exceptional circumstances” listed in Magill and IMS Health constitutes a reasonable implementation of the optimal legal standard for the assessment of refusals to licence IP: modified per se legality. In the IP context, an obligation to make property available is a requirement for compulsory licensing. The ECJ test limits compulsory licensing to those situations in which the prospective social benefits of licensing are large, while the negative effects of reducing the incentives to innovate are small. The ECJ test ensures that intervention is restricted to cases where the intervention is still likely to increase social welfare. The Commission\u27s test in Microsoft, being a balancing test, does not. As noted by Professor Gerardin, “balancing ex ante vs. ex post efficiencies is obviously a very difficult process, which even the most sophisticated economists may find daunting. The risk of mistaken decisions is therefore high.

    The Limitation of Intellectual Property in the Name of Competition

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    Intellectual property (“IP”) is often credited with providing an incentive for inventors to develop their creativity. Through IP protection, inventors can recoup their investment and make a profit. That idea, which has inspired legislators worldwide, is currently challenged in the European case law on competition. In the last twenty years, five cases have limited, in the name of competition, the possibility for firms to use IP rights acquired in conformity with applicable laws. These cases are examined in this article. I analyze the scope of the emerging jurisprudence and investigate the arguments articulated, in support of their position, by the European instances involved

    The Duty to license software in a dominant market position : the essential facility doctrine

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    Tutkielma kĂ€sittelee tietokoneohjelmistojen pakkolisensiointia mÀÀrÀÀvĂ€ssĂ€ markkina-asemassa. Tutkielman erityisenĂ€ nĂ€kökulmana aiheeseen on se, onko Euroopan unionin oikeuden mukaan tietokoneohjelmistojen pakkolisensiointi mÀÀrÀÀvĂ€ssĂ€ markkina-asemassa mahdollista ja jos on, niin mitkĂ€ tekijĂ€t vaikuttavat immateriaalioikeuksien pakkolisensiointivelvoitteeseen. Tutkielma jakautuu viiteen pÀÀjaksoon, joista ensimmĂ€isessĂ€ esitellÀÀn tutkimusongelma sekĂ€ tutkielman rakenne tarkemmin. Toisessa pÀÀjaksossa kuvataan yleisellĂ€ tasolla tekijĂ€noikeuden pÀÀperiaatteita, tietokoneohjelmistojen tekijĂ€noikeussuojaa sekĂ€ tietokoneohjelmistoihin liittyviĂ€ erityispiirteitĂ€ ettĂ€ ilmiöitĂ€. Kolmas jakso sisĂ€ltÀÀ kuvauksen mÀÀrÀÀvĂ€n markkina-aseman vÀÀrinkĂ€ytöstĂ€ Euroopan unionin toiminnasta tehdyn sopimuksen 102 artiklan mukaan. NeljĂ€s pÀÀjakso kĂ€sittelee pakkolisensiointia mÀÀrÀÀvĂ€ssĂ€ markkina-asemassa. Jakso jakaantuu neljÀÀn alajaksoon, joista ensimmĂ€isessĂ€ alajaksossa tarkastellaan immateriaalioikeuden ja kilpailuoikeuden vastakkainasettelua. Toinen alajakso sisĂ€ltÀÀ kuvauksen niin sanotusta olennainen toimintaedellytys-opista (”the essential facility doctrine”) sekĂ€ siitĂ€, kuinka immateriaalioikeuteen liittyvĂ€t tapaukset tulisi tulkita tĂ€mĂ€n opin mukaan. Kolmannessa alajaksossa tarkastellaan Euroopan unionin oikeuskĂ€ytĂ€ntöÀ ja sitĂ€ kuinka olennainen toimintaedellytys-oppi on kehittynyt oikeuskĂ€ytĂ€nnössĂ€ immateriaalioikeuksien osalta. NeljĂ€s alajakso sisĂ€ltÀÀ erityisiĂ€ huomioita pakkolisensioinnista, kun kyseessĂ€ ovat immateriaalioikeudet. Tutkielman viides ja viimeinen pÀÀjakso sisĂ€ltÀÀ johtopÀÀtelmĂ€n siitĂ€, voidaanko mÀÀrÀÀvĂ€ssĂ€ markkina-asemassa oleva yhtiö velvoittaa myöntĂ€mÀÀn lisenssi tietokoneohjelmistoonsa sekĂ€ esitetÀÀn joitakin aiheeseen liittyviĂ€ avoimia kysymyksiĂ€ jatkotutkimusten kannalta. Tutkimuksessa kĂ€ydÀÀn lĂ€pi aiheeseen liittyvÀÀ lainsÀÀdĂ€ntöÀ ja oikeuskĂ€ytĂ€ntöÀ sekĂ€ aiheesta tuotettua oikeustieteellistĂ€ kirjallisuutta, joiden perusteella pyritÀÀn tulkitsemaan millĂ€ edellytyksin immateriaalioikeuksia voidaan pakkolisensioida. Tutkimuksen mukaan olemassa olevan oikeuskĂ€ytĂ€nnön valossa mÀÀrÀÀvĂ€ssĂ€ markkina-asemassa oleva yhtiö voidaan velvoittaa lisensioimaan tietokoneohjelmistoja tiettyjen edellytysten tĂ€yttyessĂ€

    Advocate General Jacobs\u27 Contribution to Competition Law

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    This Article focuses on some of AG Jacobs\u27 opinions regarding matters of competition, starting with his contributions on the meaning of “undertaking” in Höfner and AOK, under a combination of the Treaty Establishing the European Community (“EC Treaty”) Articles 82 and 86 (special and exclusive rights), and Risparmio, under Articles 86 and 87 (State aids). It does not deal with many other opinions he wrote on the meaning of “undertaking,” such as those in Albany and Pavlov. Finally, it discusses his opinions on refusals to deal in Bronner and Syfait, along with a selection of other judgments on the topic
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