Effect of Human Capital on Organization Performance: An Analysis from Service Sector of Punjab, Pakistan

In today’s fast changing environment, where globalization is taking place, competition is increasing day by day. So, it has become a challenge for organizations to remain competitive. In order to remain competitive, it has become necessary for organizations to find ways through which they can compete in competitive world. For this reason, human capital is such a resource that can provide organizations with competitive advantage as human capital resource cannot be easily copied or imitated. In order to find out the impact of human capital on organization performance, present study is carried out in service sector of Punjab, Pakistan. For this purpose data was collected from five major cities of Punjab, Pakistan. Respondents were faculty members of universities and officer grade employees of banking sector. Analysis showed that human capital does affect the career, job and life satisfaction of employees which are indicators of organization performance. Empirical analysis showed that human capital positively affects the career satisfaction as was shown by β = 0.500, and significant at p = 0.000. Same is case with human capital and job satisfaction as represented by β = 0.281, and significant at p = 0.000. Human Capital and life satisfaction was also found to be dependent as shown by β = 0.301, significant at p = 0.000

Effect of Human Capital on Organization Performance: An Analysis from Service Sector of Punjab, Pakistan

In today’s fast changing environment, where globalization is taking place, competition is increasing day by day. So, it has become a challenge for organizations to remain competitive. In order to remain competitive, it has become necessary for organizations to find ways through which they can compete in competitive world. For this reason, human capital is such a resource that can provide organizations with competitive advantage as human capital resource cannot be easily copied or imitated. In order to find out the impact of human capital on organization performance, present study is carried out in service sector of Punjab, Pakistan. For this purpose data was collected from five major cities of Punjab, Pakistan. Respondents were faculty members of universities and officer grade employees of banking sector. Analysis showed that human capital does affect the career, job and life satisfaction of employees which are indicators of organization performance. Empirical analysis showed that human capital positively affects the career satisfaction as was shown by β = 0.500, and significant at p = 0.000. Same is case with human capital and job satisfaction as represented by β = 0.281, and significant at p = 0.000. Human Capital and life satisfaction was also found to be dependent as shown by β = 0.301, significant at p = 0.000

Spatial Distribution of Socio-economic Inequality: Evidence from Inequality Maps of a Village in Tribal Region of Pakistan

Economic and social inequality is consistently persisting in tribal region of Pakistan. People in the tribal region of Pakistan are living in deprived state whereby they lack even basic necessities in their lives. As described by Gul, the tribal areas are different than the rural areas because tribal areas are located in far flung mountainous terrain where accessibility to basic amenities is much lower than the rural areas [Gul (2013)]. In recent times, the Government of Pakistan initiated many efforts for provision of basic amenities in tribal areas as an essential component of development in the context of Millennium Development Goals (MDGs). However, according to John the desired state is yet to be achieved in tribal areas [John (2009)]. Tribal life is characterised by hardship and great insecurity especially for poor labour. Given the income vulnerabilities, the long run welfare is forgone for short run securities. Interruption, reduction or loss of earnings from the contingencies such as unemployment, underemployment, low wages, low prices and failure to find the market for the produce, old age, ill-health, sickness, disability etc. are the situations which call for social security and protection. As concluded by Talbot, this constant state of deprivation has generated deep rooted inequalities in the tribal society [Talbot (1998)]. People take rescue measures such as sending their earners to urban areas and if possible to foreign countries. Those who have lands and doing agriculture are the blessed one, although, the earning pattern is distorted due to law and order situation. To have an assessment of the overall economic inequality in the tribal region, author conducted a study in a small village Naryab which is located in the tribal region. Primary data was collected from the households physically and it was thoroughly analysed to conclude the pattern of inequality. This inequality was then mapped using latest mapping software “SURFER”

External Debt and Domestic Investment in Pakistan: A Cointegration Analysis

The present study explores the impacts of foreign capital inflows in terms of external debt, foreign direct investment and worker’s remittances on domestic investment in Pakistan economy for the period of 1972-2007. Since the study utilizes the time series data of the sample period so augmented Dickey-Fuller unit root test has been employed to find out each of the time series variables to be stationary at their first difference. The Johansen cointegration confirms two cointegrating vectors and all of explanatory variables show positive and significant impact on domestic investment in long run. The Granger causality test results, based on the VECM, confirm long run and short run causality from external debt, foreign direct invest and worker’s remittances to domestic investment. The diagnostic and stability tests conclude the model to be valid and stable. The study also provides some policy recommendations. Keywords: External Debt, Investment, Remittances, Cointegration, Granger Causality

Socio-Economic Analysis of Household Energy Security: Evidence from 3D Energy Losses Surface Maps (ELSMs) of a Town Using Conjuncture of Factors Matrix, Digital and Mathematical Analysis

Pakistan is facing perpetual and worsening energy crisis. For vision 2025, the most important litmus test is to overcome energy crisis and ensure energy security by imaginative and innovative energy alternatives. In the same context, scientists, experts and researchers have been focusing on renewables and non-renewable energy generation alternatives, but have largely ignored the flip side. The extravagant use of energy, unlawful connections and losses in distribution system are contributors to ongoing energy crisis. For energy security in a developing country like Pakistan, elimination of energy losses seems a viable option, alongside generation of energy. Therefore, there is a need to have socio-economic analysis of energy losses. In this paper, energy losses for electricity were estimated for Lali Bagh Town of Peshawar, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Province using a versatile and innovative socio-economic framework. This framework was based on factors matrix comprising socio-economic, environmental and energy factors pertaining to households. Within the factors matrix approach, three methods were used for analysis of energy losses; the statistical analysis to obtain trend and ratings of electricity losses, digital analysis of the data by computer assisted qualitative data analysis software (CAQDAS) to get the digitally iterated and attenuated models along with representative equations and mathematical analysis of equations by Newton-Leibniz integration process to obtain numerical value of the ratings. Based on the results obtained, three dimensional energy losses surface maps (ELSMs) were prepared for Lali Bagh Town of Peshawar, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Province. At the end, policy recommendations have been given in the context of vision 2025. Paper is a unique combination of theoretical, mathematical and digital cum spatial economics. JEL Classification: O22, Q21, Q31, Q41. Keywords: Socio-economic, Analysis, Energy, Security, Electricity, Losses, Factors, Matrix, Digital, Maps

Factors Affecting Cotton Production in Pakistan:Empirical Evidence from Multan District

This paper attempts to examine the factors affecting cotton production in Multan region using primary source of data. A sample of 60 small farmers, 25 medium and 15 large farmers was randomly selected from two Tehsils namely Multan and Shujabad of district Multan. The Cobb-Douglas Production Function is employed to assess the effects of various inputs like cultivation, seed and sowing, irrigation, fertilizer, plant protection, inter-culturing / hoeing and labour cost on cotton yield. The results depicted that seed, fertilizer and irrigation were found scarce commodity for all category of farmers in district Multan. The Cobb-Douglas Production Function results revealed that the coefficients for cultivation (0.113) and seed (0.103) were found statistically significant at 1 percent level. The Cost-Benefit Ratio for the large farmers was found higher (1.41) than that of small (1.22) and medium (1.24) farmers. There is a dire need to ensure the availability of these scarce inputs by both public and private sectors as these inputs were major requirement of the cotton crop.Cotton; Cobb- Douglas Production Function; Cost Benefit Ratio; Marginal Value Product; Allocate Efficiency of Critical Inputs; Multan District; Pakistan

The Socio-Economic and Demographic Determinants of Women Work Participation in Pakistan: Evidence from Bahawalpur District

The analysis of labour market participation is useful for formulating employment and human resource development policies. Females form almost more than half of the total population in Pakistan play a very important role in the country. The present study endeavors to estimate the various factors which affect the women work participation. The study is based on the cross-section data collected through field survey. The logistic regression technique is employed to estimate the determinants of female labour force participation. Educational attainment levels turn out to be very significant determinant. Female’s labour force participation rises with increasing level of education. Presence of children in early age groups reduces the female labour force participation. The results of the study conclude that female education is necessary for better employment opportunities.Female labor force participation; Female education; Household Income; Family Dependents; Marital Status; Children; Logit Model; Pakistan

Islamic VS Conventional Commercial Banking: The Resilience Avant-Garde

This paper aims to examine the differences in financial resilience of Islamic and Conventional Commercial banks with respect to the short term and long-term perspectives to pliability. The selected banks are compared on their resilience quotient exhibited by Liquidity Coverage Ratio (LCR) and Z-Scores. This study evaluates cross country panel data of 157 listed and non-listed licensed Islamic banks located in 22 countries and same number of their conventional commercial counterparts, through a period of 1998 to 2018. The data were collected through BANKSCOPE database and World Bank publications. Ratio analysis and Multiple Regression analysis were applied on data to analyze the extent of resilience of both Islamic and Conventional banks.The findings suggest that there are considerable differences in short term and long term resilience quotient of Islamic and Conventional commercial banks. Where Islamic banks have relatively enervated position than Commercial banks on liquidity frontier, they hold a more resilient position with respect to z-score. ROE and Capital adequacy are two important factors that have a significant impact on bank resilience.This research is different from all past researches with respect to methodological, aeon and acclimatization perspective. Resilience is a relatively new phenomenon adopted from complex adaptive ecosystems and most studies in this area are of theoretical nature. Moreover, the fact that this research has considered not only the long term but also short-term resilience perspective, adds to its overall value and originality