Nuclear DNA and nucleotype effect

The meaning of C DNA amount for the organism, in this mainly retroelements constituting often over 50% of the genome, is surveyed. Content of nuclear DNA is of specific character but among plant species there occur some exceptions. There exists the variation among the biotypes of the same species on the score of this parameter. Genomes can vary in DNA amount even over 1000-fold in angiosperms. Some close related species vary even 30-fold on that score. In some cases less complex organisms posesses more DNA than high advanced ones. These cases were named the paradox C-value. There are different theories, which try to explain these fenomena

Chromosome numbers in Aconitum sect : cammarum (Ranuncu - laceae) from the Carpathians

Chromosome numbers for four species and two nothospecies of the sect. Cammarumser.Variegata,ser.Toxicum, and nothoser.Toxigatain the Carpathians amount to 2n=16, and in one case to 2n=32. For thenothospecies:A.× gayeri Starmühl. and A. × pawlowskii Mitka et Starmühl. chromosome numbers are given for the first time. According to the cytological evidence a new combination Aconitum degenii subsp. degenii var.intermedium (Zapał.) Mitka [=A. hebegynum non DC.] is proposed

Diploid chromosome numbers in Hieracium and Pilosella (Asteraceae) from Macedonia and Montenegro

The authors report the first discovery of diploid populations of Hieracium naegelianum Panč. subsp. naegelianum and H. naegelianum subsp. ljubotenicum Behr & Zahn., and give the first chromosome counts for H. cernuum Friv., H. gymnocephalum Griseb. ex Pant., H. sparsum Friv., Pilosella pavichii (Heuff.) Holub and P. serbica (F. W. Schultz & Schultz-Bip.) Szeląg from Macedonia and/or Montenegro. A diploid chromosome count for Hieracium renatae Szeląg is confirmed based on material from the whole distribution range of the species. An emasculation experiment showed that all the analyzed diploid Hieracium taxa reproduce sexually

Chromosome numbers in Hieracium and Pilosella (Asteraceae) from Central and Southeastern Europe

Chromosome numbers of 46 Hieracium L. and Pilosella Vaill. taxa from Austria, Bulgaria, Czech Republic, Macedonia, Montenegro, Poland, Romania, Serbia and Slovakia are presented. Chromosomes numbers are given for the first time for Hieracium amphigenum Briq. 2n = 3x = 27, H. bohatschianum Zahn 2n = 4x = 36, H. borbasii R. Uechtr. 2n = 4x = 36, H. cernuum Friv. 2n = 2x = 18, H. hazslinszkyi Pax 2n = 3x = 27, H. mirekii Szeląg 2n = 4x = 36, H. polyphyllobasis (Nyár. & Zahn) Szeląg 2n = 3x = 27, H. porphyriticum A. Kern. 2n = 4x = 36, H. racemosum Waldst. & Kit. ex Willd. subsp. racemosum 2n = 3x = 27, H. scardicum Borm. & Zahn 2n = 4x = 36, H. sparsum subsp. ipekanum Rech. fil. & Zahn 2n = 4x = 36, H. sparsum subsp. peristeriense Behr & Zahn, H. sparsum subsp. squarrosobracchiatum Behr & al. 2n = 3x = 27, H. tomosense Simk. 2n = 4x = 36, H. tubulare Nyár. 2n = 4x = 36, H. werneri Szeląg 2n = 3x = 27 and Pilosella fusca subsp. subpedunculata (Zahn) Szeląg, as well as five species of Hieracium sect. Cernua R. Uechtr. not described to date and a hybrid between H. bifidum s. lat. and H. pojoritense Woł

Teodycea w kontekście współczesnych osiągnięć nauk biologicznych

There are various conceptions expressing views on the nature of man. For example, sociobiology ascribes human behaviours like aggression and egoism to genetic conditionings formed in the process of evolution (the so-called struggle for existence). In turn, in Christian perspective God created initially perfect nature of man, which was flawed by original sin. Without the factors of evolution like death, mutations, illnesses needed in the Divine Plan of Redemption there would be no salvation for man. The death through the cross of Jesus Christ was needed to redeem the people and set them free. In order to reveal Himself to Himself as the Good, God enters the world in order to sacrifice Himself for its salvation. Similar views on theodicy were popular in the Middle Ages, developed, for example, in the ninth century by the theology of John Scotus Eriugena (panentheism).Istnieją różne koncepcje o charakterze światopoglądowym odnoszące się do problemu natury człowieka. Do takich należy socjobiologia, która przypisuje agresywne i egoistyczne zachowania uwarunkowaniom genetycznym powstałym w procesie ewolucji (tzw. walka o byt). W chrześcijańskiej natomiast perspektywie Bóg stwarza pierwotnie dobrą naturę człowieka, która jednak została skażona przez grzech pierworodny. Bez czynników ewolucji, takich jak śmierć, choroby i mutacje potrzebne w Bożym Planie Zbawienia, człowiek nie mógłby być zbawiony. Bowiem śmierć na krzyżu Jezusa Chrystusa była konieczna do zbawienia ludzi, aby ich uczynić wolnymi. Bóg, aby się objawić Sobie samemu, że jest samym Dobrem, wkracza w świat w celu samoofiarowania się dla jego zbawienia. Podobne poglądy, usprawiedliwiające Boga (teodycea) były rozpowszechnione w wiekach średnich, m.in. rozwijane w dziewiątym wieku w teologii Jana Szkota Eriugeny (panenteizm).

DNA stability contrasts with chromosome variability in Allium fistulosum calli

RAPD analysis was applied to assess the degree of DNA polymorphism in A. fistulosum calli of high chromosomal instability. Nineteen of 24 randomly selected RAPD primers revealed scorable polymorphism between calli and seeds (reference material). Polymorphic band frequency was 55/237 in seeds and 36/233 in calli; variability on the DNA level was thus lower in calli than in seeds (15.4% vs. 23.2% of band positions). UPGMA analysis of Jaccard's coefficients confirmed the genetic similarity of the analyzed cultures. The most distinctive DNA changes in calli involved coincident loss of original bands or the appearance of novel bands. Seven such changes (4 losses, 3 gains) were observed. Our results suggest that changes on the chromosomal level and on the DNA level occurred independently of each other and that different callus lines underwent similar genetic changes during culture, presumably due to strong selection pressure effected by standard in vitro conditions