Contextual influences on parental directive speech style.

In the present study the stability of parental directive speech styles was examined across contexts and over time. Two variations in contexts were considered--setting and group size. Comparisons were made of parental speech styles between two settings: freeplay and supper, and two group sizes: dyads and polyads. A developmental comparison was also conducted, evaluating the speech used at two supper sessions that were spaced six months apart. The parental speech styles examined were concerned with the use of follow versus lead utterances, i.e., utterances which related to the child\u27s current focus of attention (follow), or utterances which were unrelated to the child\u27s current attentional focus (lead), and with the use of direct versus indirect directives. Furthermore, the relationship between parental directive speech style and children\u27s language use was also explored. A total of 24 children and their families were videotaped on three occasions: during freeplay, during supper and again during supper, six months later. The children had a mean age of either 21 months or 27 months at the initial taping session. lt was determined that the different contextual settings were related to variations in parental speech styles. During freeplay, parents were found to use more follow utterances, more declaratives and questions, and more time was spent in a joint attentional focus with the child. In comparison, the supper setting was associated with a greater use of lead utterances and directives, particularly lead directives and direct directives. In the second set of analyses, the general findings indicated that within dyadic interactions, parent and child only), parental speech was comprised of more declarative utterances and more time was spent in joint attention. Within polyadic groups (three or more participants), there was a tendency toward greater directive use, particularly during supper. For the developmental analyses, a decrease in the use of direct directives was observed from time 1 to time 2. However, other expected decreases in directive use with older children were not seen. This result was considered to be a reflection of the use of the supper context, rather than standard play contexts. The investigation of parental directive speech styles and child language suggested a positive relationship between parental use of follow utterances and child vocabulary and total number of utterances, and a negative association between parental use of lead utterances and these child language variables. The findings of this study support that variations in parental directive speech style are influenced by contextual factors, and thus these contextual factors warrant consideration in language research.Dept. of Psychology. Paper copy at Leddy Library: Theses & Major Papers - Basement, West Bldg. / Call Number: Thesis1995 .I44. Source: Dissertation Abstracts International, Volume: 57-07, Section: B, page: 4745. Adviser: Ann McCabe. Thesis (Ph.D.)--University of Windsor (Canada), 1995

Copy Number Variation in Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder and Tourette Syndrome: A Cross-Disorder Study

Objective Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) and Tourette syndrome (TS) are heritable, neurodevelopmental disorders with a partially shared genetic etiology. This study represents the first genome-wide investigation of large (>500kb), rare (<1%) copy number variants (CNVs) in OCD and the largest genome-wide CNV analysis in TS to date. Method The primary analyses utilized a cross-disorder design for 2,699 patients (1,613 ascertained for OCD, 1,086 ascertained for TS) and 1,789 controls. Parental data facilitated a de novo analysis in 348 OCD trios. Results Although no global CNV burden was detected in the cross-disorder analysis or in secondary, disease-specific analyses, there was a 3.3-fold increased burden of large deletions previously associated with other neurodevelopmental disorders (p=.09). Half of these neurodevelopmental deletions were located in a single locus, 16p13.11 (5 patient deletions: 0 control deletions, p=0.08 in current study, p=0.025 compared to published controls). Three 16p13.11 deletions were confirmed de novo, providing further support to the etiological significance of this region. The overall OCD de novo rate was 1.4%, which is intermediate between published rates in controls (0.7%) and in autism or schizophrenia (2-4%). Conclusion Several converging lines of evidence implicate 16p13.11 deletions in OCD, with weaker evidence for a role in TS. The trend toward increased overall neurodevelopmental CNV burden in TS and OCD suggests that deletions previously associated with other neurodevelopmental disorders may also contribute to these phenotypes