2,401 research outputs found
Komplex hĂĄlĂłzatok vizsgĂĄlata statisztikus fizikai mĂłdszerekkel = Analysis of complex networks with statistical physics methods
HĂĄlĂłzati csoportosulĂĄsokat (klasztereket, modulokat) keresĆ mĂłdszer segĂtsĂ©gĂ©vel ĂĄtfedĆ, sƱrƱ csoportokat talĂĄltunk molekulĂĄris biolĂłgiai (fehĂ©rje-fehĂ©rje kölcsönhatĂĄsok, transzkripciĂł regulĂĄciĂł), kognitĂv (szĂł-asszociĂĄciĂłs) Ă©s szociĂĄlis (tĂĄrsszerzĆsĂ©gi) hĂĄlĂłzatokban. A hĂĄlĂłzati modulkeresĆvel megtalĂĄlt ĂĄtfedĆ csoportosulĂĄsokat a hĂĄlĂłzati csĂșcspontokrĂłl rendelkezĂ©sre ĂĄllĂł informĂĄciĂłk (pl. a fehĂ©rjĂ©k funkciĂłja) alapjĂĄn statisztikai tesztekkel ellenĆriztĂŒk. A modulok segĂtsĂ©gĂ©vel fehĂ©rje-fehĂ©rje kölcsönhatĂĄsi hĂĄlĂłzatokban megjĂłsoltuk korĂĄbban ismeretlen funkciĂłjĂș fehĂ©rjĂ©k funkciĂłjĂĄt Ă©s jĂłsoltunk fehĂ©rje csoportokat, amelyek valĂłszĂnƱleg eddig ismeretlen speciĂĄlis biolĂłgiai feladatok elvĂ©gzĂ©sĂ©n egyĂŒttmƱködnek. Az ĂĄtfedĆ modulkeresĆ mĂłdszer irĂĄnyĂtott Ă©s sĂșlyozott hĂĄlĂłzatokra valĂł kiterjesztĂ©sĂ©vel azonosĂtottuk az irĂĄnyĂtott hĂĄlĂłzatok kĂ©t fĆ tĂpusĂĄt (az ĂĄtfedĂ©sek irĂĄnyĂĄba illetve azokbĂłl kifelĂ© mutatĂł modulok esete) Ă©s lehetĆvĂ© tettĂŒk a sĂșlyozott hĂĄlĂłzatokban törtĂ©nĆ pontosabb modulkeresĂ©st. | With a network module search technique, we identified overlapping modules (also called: clusters, communities) of nodes in complex networks from molecular biology (protein-protein interactions and transcription regulation), cognitive science (word association web) and social science (co-authorship web). We verified the identified overlapping network modules by using additional information available about the nodes (e.g., the annotations of proteins) and performing statistical tests. Based on the modules in protein-protein interaction networks we predicted functions for proteins with no known functions so far and also pointed out groups of proteins that are likely to collaborate on specific biological tasks that are not yet known. By extending the overlapping network module search method to directed and weighted graphs, we have uncovered two major types of overlapping directed modular structure (modules pointing towards the overlaps and modules pointing outwards) and have enabled a more precise module search in weighted networks
Impact of simulated airborne soot on maize growth and development
Various effects of the dry deposition of soot on maize were investigated in Keszthely (Hungary) in two consecutive years. In order to be able to study a wider range of weather conditions, some of the plants were placed in a Thorn-thwaite-Matter type evapotranspirometer and given ad libitum water supplies. Pollution with airborne black carbon was simulated throughout the season by distributing rates of 3 g·mâ2 a week using a motorised dust sprayer. Among the plant growth parameters, the leaf area index was increased by 3% - 14%, depending on the year, suggesting that the plants were able to absorb the carbon settling on the leaves. The black carbon reduced the albedo of the canopy by 17.5% - 21.8%, depending on the year, forcing the polluted maize to absorb more energy. Part of this surplus energy was utilised for increased evapotranspiration (3.9% and 11% in the two years) and to raise the surface temperature of the canopy by 1°C - 2°C during the mid-day hours. The effect of the contamination on maize was more intense in the hot, dry year. The unfavourable effect of soot on maize fertilisation could be observed as a significant increase in the number of deformed ears, leading to a reduction in grain dry matter. The reduction in dry matter yield for polluted maize grown with irrigation in the evapotranspirometer was far less severe than that on non-irrigated plots, suggesting that irrigation was the most obvious solution for mitigating the negative effects of contamination with airborne soot
The s-monotone index selection rules for pivot algorithms of linear programming
In this paper we introduce the concept of s-monotone index selection rule for linear programming problems. We show that several known anti-cycling pivot rules like the minimal index, Last-InâFirst-Out and the most-often-selected-variable pivot rules are s-monotone index selection rules. Furthermore, we show a possible way to define new s-monotone pivot rules. We prove that several known algorithms like the primal (dual) simplex, MBU-simplex algorithms and criss-cross algorithm with s-monotone pivot rules are finite methods. We implemented primal simplex and primal MBU-simplex algorithms, in MATLAB, using three s-monotone index selection rules, the minimal-index, the Last-InâFirst-Out (LIFO) and the Most-Often-Selected-Variable (MOSV) index selection rule. Numerical results demonstrate the viability of the above listed s-monotone index selection rules in the framework of pivot algorithms
ĂlĆlĂ©nyek kollektĂv viselkedĂ©sĂ©nek statisztikus fizikĂĄja = Statistical physics of the collective behaviour of organisms
Experiments: We have carried out quantitative experiments on the collective motion of cells as a function of their density. A sharp transition could be observed from the random motility in sparse cultures to the flocking of dense islands of cells. Using ultra light GPS devices developed by us, we have determined the existing hierarchical relations within a flock of 10 homing pigeons. Modelling: From the simulations of our new model of flocking we concluded that the information exchange between particles was maximal at the critical point, in which the interplay of such factors as the level of noise, the tendency to follow the direction and the acceleration of others results in large fluctuations. Analysis: We have proposed a novel link-density based approach to finding overlapping communities in large networks. The algorithm used for the implementation of this technique is very efficient for most real networks, and provides full statistics quickly. Correspondingly, we have developed a by now popular, user-friendly, freely downloadable software for finding overlapping communities. Extending our method to the time-dependent regime, we found that large groups in evolving networks persist for longer if they are capable of dynamically altering their membership, thus, an ability to change the group composition results in better adaptability. We also showed that knowledge of the time commitment of members to a given community can be used for estimating the community's lifetime. Experiments: We have carried out quantitative experiments on the collective motion of cells as a function of their density. A sharp transition could be observed from the random motility in sparse cultures to the flocking of dense islands of cells. Using ultra light GPS devices developed by us, we have determined the existing hierarchical relations within a flock of 10 homing pigeons. Modelling: From the simulations of our new model of flocking we concluded that the information exchange between particles was maximal at the critical point, in which the interplay of such factors as the level of noise, the tendency to follow the direction and the acceleration of others results in large fluctuations. Analysis: We have proposed a novel link-density based approach to finding overlapping communities in large networks. The algorithm used for the implementation of this technique is very efficient for most real networks, and provides full statistics quickly. Correspondingly, we have developed a by now popular, user-friendly, freely downloadable software for finding overlapping communities. Extending our method to the time-dependent regime, we found that large groups in evolving networks persist for longer if they are capable of dynamically altering their membership, thus, an ability to change the group composition results in better adaptability. We also showed that knowledge of the time commitment of members to a given community can be used for estimating the community's lifetime
A szövegĂ©rtĂ©s pragmatikĂĄja â egy Ă©rettsĂ©gi feladat elemzĂ©se
A 2005-ben bevezetett idegennyelvi Ă©rettsĂ©gi vizsga egyik központi cĂ©lkitƱzĂ©se a kommunikatĂv nyelvoktatĂĄs megerĆsĂtĂ©se, valamint a vizsgacentrikus tanĂtĂĄsi gyakorlat ellensĂșlyozĂĄsa volt. Joggal feltĂ©telezhetĆ tehĂĄt, hogy az egyes vizsgĂĄkban szereplĆ feladatok kivĂĄlasztĂĄsa is hasonlĂł cĂ©lt szolgĂĄl. Egy gyakran hasznĂĄlt feladattĂpus, az âigaz/hamis/nincs rĂłla informĂĄciĂłâ teszt nyelvhasznĂĄlati, azaz pragmatikai szempontbĂłl törtĂ©nĆ elemzĂ©sĂ©vel igyekszem rĂĄvilĂĄgĂtani a feladatban rejlĆ ellentmondĂĄsokra, Ă©s arra, hogy az eredeti cĂ©lkitƱzĂ©sekkel ellentĂ©tben ez a feladattĂpus nem tekinthetĆ kommunikatĂv tesztelĂ©si formĂĄnak, Ă©s tovĂĄbbra is a vizsgĂĄra valĂł felkĂ©szĂtĂ©st Ă©s felkĂ©szĂŒlĂ©st ösztönzi mind a tanĂĄr, mind pedig a nyelvtanulĂł rĂ©szĂ©rĆl
The colour tv The changes tat took place both Ăn our Society and Ăn the cultural needs of our country as consecuences of the appearance of commercial tv industry, also in view of itâs regional setting
A szĂnes TV - A kereskedelmi televĂziĂłzĂĄs megjelenĂ©sĂ©vvel orszĂĄgunk tĂĄrsadalmĂĄnak, kulturĂĄlis igĂ©nyeinek vĂĄltozĂĄsai a regionalitĂĄs tĂŒkrĂ©benâ cĂmƱ Ă©rtekezĂ©sben megvizsgĂĄltam a kultĂșra Ă©s mĂ©diafogyasztĂĄs kapcsolatĂĄt, illetve ezek elmĂșlt Ă©vekbeli ĂĄtalakulĂĄsĂĄt. Az elemzĂ©snek hĂĄrom alappillĂ©re volt. A TGI fogyasztĂłi kutatĂĄsa, a Nielsen KözönsĂ©gmĂ©rĂ©s mƱszeres televĂziĂłs nĂ©zettsĂ©gi adatbĂĄzisa, valamint egy sajĂĄt kĂ©rdĆĂves kutatĂĄs eredmĂ©nye.
Az elsĆ fejezetben a mĂ©diafogyasztĂĄs ĂĄtalakulĂĄsĂĄt elemeztem. 1997 oktĂłberĂ©tĆl kĂ©t Ășj orszĂĄgos lefedettsĂ©gƱ földi sugĂĄrzĂĄsĂș kereskedelmi csatorna (RTL Klub Ă©s TV2) kezdte meg mƱködĂ©sĂ©t. A kĂ©t Ășj generikus adĂł mellett az egyedi nĂ©zĆi igĂ©nyek kielĂ©gĂtĂ©sĂ©re folyamatosan növekedĂ©snek indult a tematikus csatornĂĄk szĂĄma is. Napjainkban megközelĂtĆleg 120 magyar nyelvƱ csatorna prĂłbĂĄl megfelelni a nĂ©zĆi elvĂĄrĂĄsoknak. MagyarorszĂĄgon a televĂziĂł-nĂ©zĂ©sre fordĂtott idĆ jelenleg is nagyon magas â bĂĄr a növekvĆ folyamat tendenciĂĄja mĂĄr irĂĄnyt vĂĄltott â, azonban ebbĆl a kĂĄbelcsatornĂĄk egyre nagyobb rĂ©szt követelnek maguknak. MĂĄra egy ĂĄtlag magyar nĂ©zĆ, nĂ©zĂ©si idejĂ©nek 70%-ĂĄt fordĂtja a kĂĄbelcsatornĂĄk nĂ©zĂ©sĂ©re, mĂg ez az arĂĄny 2000-ben mĂ©g csak a 10%-ot közelĂtette.
KutatĂĄsi felmĂ©rĂ©sek tömege bizonyĂtja, hogy Ă©letĂŒnkben egyre fontosabb szerepe van a mĂ©diĂĄnak. A legmodernebb technikai megoldĂĄsok Ă©s eszközök is azt tĂĄmogatjĂĄk, hogy minden helyen Ă©s idĆben könnyen Ă©s komfortosan fogyasszunk bĂĄrmilyen mĂ©diĂĄt. A felhasznĂĄlĂłk ĂłrĂĄkat töltenek az oldalakon Ă©s ez a folyamat mĂ©g nem ĂĄllt meg. A multitaskingrĂłl szĂłlĂł kutatĂĄsok alapjĂĄn elmondhatĂł, hogy az mindennapos cselekvĂ©ssĂ© vĂĄlt, az emberek többsĂ©ge valamilyen gyakorisĂĄggal napi szinten Ă©l vele. Gyakran adĂłdnak olyan helyzetek, mikor mĂ©diahasznĂĄlat közben megosztjuk figyelmĂŒnket Ă©s mĂĄs (jellemzĆen mĂ©diajellegƱ) tevĂ©kenysĂ©get is vĂ©gzĂŒnk.
Ezt követĆen feltĂĄrĂĄsra kerĂŒlt, hogy a csökkenĆ tĂ©vĂ©nĂ©zĂ©si idĆ ĂĄltal megnövekedett szabadidĆt vajon mily mĂłdon hasznĂĄltĂĄk fel a vĂĄlaszadĂłk. A digitĂĄlis fejlĆdĂ©snek köszönhetĆen a kultĂșrĂĄn belĂŒl is tapasztalhatĂł valamilyen szintƱ ĂĄtstrukturĂĄlĂłdĂĄs. Ăgy tƱnik, kevĂ©sbĂ© hangsĂșlyossĂĄ vĂĄlt az Ășgynevezett hagyomĂĄnyos- Ă©s meglehetĆsen erĆs lett a modern kultĂșra viszonylagos sĂșlya. A szĂnhĂĄz, a mozi Ă©s a könnyƱzenei koncert, mint szabadidĆs tevĂ©kenysĂ©g egyĂ©rtelmƱen egy sokkal generikusabb idĆtöltĂ©s, mĂg az operĂĄba, jazz koncertre-, balett elĆadĂĄsra- Ă©s komolyzenei hangversenyre jĂĄrĂĄs inkĂĄbb egyfajta szubkultĂșrĂĄnak tekinthetĆ.
Minden kulturĂĄlis esemĂ©ny esetĂ©ben hatalmas a nagyobb vĂĄrosokban (Budapest Ă©s megyeszĂ©khelyek) Ă©lĆk privilĂ©giuma. Ezen telepĂŒlĂ©stĂpusokon az ĂĄtlagnĂĄl szĂĄmottevĆen nagyobb a kulturĂĄlis esemĂ©nyeken valĂł rĂ©szvĂ©tel. Ez Ă©rtelemszerƱen erĆs kapcsolatban ĂĄll azzal a tĂ©nnyel, hogy ezen vĂĄrosok kiemelten jelentĆsnek szĂĄmĂtanak a kulturĂĄlis rendezvĂ©nyek szĂĄmĂĄt Ă©s gyakorisĂĄgĂĄt illetĆen. A rendezvĂ©nyek stĂlusĂĄt Ă©s mƱfajĂĄt tekintve is jĂłval sokszĂnƱbb mƱsorkĂnĂĄlat Ă©rhetĆ el az egyĂ©bkĂ©nt is fĆvĂĄros-orientĂĄlt hazĂĄnkban. A vidĂ©ki kisvĂĄrosokban vagy falvakban Ă©lĆk, nemcsak sajĂĄt szerĂ©nyebb kulturĂĄlis igĂ©nyeik, valamint visszafogott pĂ©nzĂŒgyi helyzetĂŒk következtĂ©ben jĂĄrnak kevesebbet ilyen tĂpusĂș rendezvĂ©nyekre, hanem a beszƱkĂŒlt kĂnĂĄlati oldal is jelentĆsen hĂĄtrĂĄltatja Ćket ebben.
VizsgĂĄltam azt is, hogy mikĂ©nt vĂĄltoztak a kulturĂĄlis igĂ©nyek a televĂziĂłzĂĄson belĂŒl. Ennek mĂłdszerĂ©ĂŒl az Ă©ves nĂ©zettsĂ©gi toplistĂĄk Ă©s a csatornĂĄk Ă©ves piaci rĂ©szesedĂ©sĂ©nek elemzĂ©sĂ©t vĂĄlasztottam. Jelenleg a legnĂ©zettebb mƱsorok 30-as toplistĂĄjĂĄnak jelentĆs rĂ©szĂ©t az RTL Klub mƱsorai adjĂĄk. A kereskedelemi televĂziĂłzĂĄs hajnalĂĄn, az elsĆ Ă©vekben több cĂ©lcsoport esetĂ©ben is a TV2 volt a legsikeresebb csatorna, majd ugyan eltĂ©rĆ ĂŒtemben, de szinte minden demogrĂĄfiai csoportnĂĄl az RTL Klub vette ĂĄt ezt a vezetĆ szerepet. RĂ©giĂłnkĂ©nt azonban eltĂ©rĆ nĂ©zĆi attitƱdökkel talĂĄlkozhattunk, vĂĄltozĂł volt, hogy mely csatornĂĄt preferĂĄltĂĄk az adott rĂ©giĂł lakĂłi. Az âRTL Klub rajongĂłiâ azok, akik mĂĄr a kereskedelmi televĂziĂłzĂĄs kezdetĂ©n is az RTL Klub mƱsorait rĂ©szesĂtettĂ©k elĆnyben. A âcsatornavĂĄltĂłkâ hosszabb ideig a TV2 mƱsorait kedveltĂ©k leginkĂĄbb, azonban egy a nĂ©zĆi viselkedĂ©smĂłdban törtĂ©nĆ ĂĄtalakulĂĄst követĆen, preferenciĂĄjuk mĂĄr az RTL Klub felĂ© terelĆdött. Mindezeken felĂŒl lĂ©tezik egy harmadik csoport is, a ânem csatorna specifikusâ, melynek lakĂłi esetĂ©ben a mai napig kiĂ©lezett verseny folyik a nĂ©zettsĂ©gĂ©rt.
âą RTL Klub rajongĂłk: KözĂ©p-MagyarorszĂĄg, Ăszak-MagyarorszĂĄg, Ăszak-Alföld;
âą CsatornĂĄt vĂĄltĂłk: DĂ©l-DunĂĄmtĂșl;
âą Nem csatorna specifikus: Nyugat-DunĂĄntĂșl, KözĂ©p-DunĂĄntĂșl, DĂ©l-Alföld.
A legnĂ©zettebb mƱsorok halmaza mellett elemeztem, hogy a kĂŒlönbözĆ kategĂłriĂĄjĂș csatornĂĄk nĂ©zettsĂ©ge hogyan alakult a kereskedelmi televĂziĂłzĂĄs kezdete Ăłta. Ătlagos napi nĂ©zĆszĂĄmban a duĂĄlis televĂziĂłzĂĄs kezdetĂ©n TV2 mĂĄr az elsĆ Ă©vben megelĆzte a köztĂ©vĂ© csatornĂĄit, majd rĂĄ pĂĄr Ă©vre mĂĄr az RTL Klub vette ĂĄt a piacvezetĆ pozĂciĂłt több demogrĂĄfiai szegmens esetĂ©ben is.
A sajĂĄt 500 fĆs online kĂ©rdĆĂven lekĂ©rdezett kutatĂĄs sorĂĄn igyekeztem feltĂĄrni MagyarorszĂĄg szabadidĆs tevĂ©kenysĂ©gĂ©nek egyes aspektusait, elsĆsorban a kulturĂĄlis tevĂ©kenysĂ©gek szemszögĂ©bĆl. A minta leĂrĂł statisztikĂĄkkal törtĂ©nĆ bemutatĂĄsĂĄt követĆen k-közĂ©p klaszterezĂ©s segĂtsĂ©gĂ©vel lĂ©trehoztam tĂz vĂĄltozĂł bevonĂĄsĂĄval, a kulturĂĄlis kikapcsolĂłdĂĄsi formĂĄk gyakorisĂĄgĂĄn alapulĂł hĂĄrom klasztert. Az alkalmi kultĂșrafogyasztĂłk klaszterĂ©t, a közepes kultĂșrafogyasztĂłk klaszterĂ©t Ă©s a rendszeres kultĂșrafogyasztĂłk klaszterĂ©t. A partĂcionĂĄlĂł eljĂĄrĂĄst követĆen ezeket a csoportokat hasonlĂtottam össze a mĂ©diafogyasztĂĄsi, TV nĂ©zĂ©si szokĂĄsaik szempontjĂĄbĂłl, valamint a szabadidĆt aktĂv kikapcsolĂłdĂĄs mintĂĄzatok szerint.
A kutatĂĄsban megkĂ©rdezettek szabadidĆs tevĂ©kenysĂ©geit illetĆen megĂĄllapĂthatĂł, hogy intenzitĂĄstĂłl fĂŒggetlenĂŒl a tĂ©vĂ©nĂ©zĂ©s (94,4%) Ă©s a közössĂ©gi oldalak lĂĄtogatĂĄsa (91,1%: facebook, Twitter, LinkedIn) a legjellemzĆbb. Napi gyakorisĂĄgot tekintve ugyanakkor a kĂŒlönbözĆ közössĂ©gi oldalalak lĂĄtogatĂĄsa (facebook, Twitter, LinkedIn) a legmarkĂĄnsabb jellemvonĂĄs (67.3% napi szinten). A napi gyakorisĂĄggal tĂ©vĂ©t nĂ©zĆk Ă©s az online hĂroldalakat lĂĄtogatĂłk arĂĄnya szintĂ©n meglehetĆsen magas, közel 60%. Az Ășgynevezett offline tartalmak az elmĂșlt Ă©vekben tapasztalhatĂł hĂĄttĂ©rbe szorulĂĄsa ezen adatsorokban is megjelenik.
KutatĂĄsom sorĂĄn az egyĂ©ni szintƱ kulturĂĄlis szegmentĂĄlĂłdĂĄs tipikus csoportjainak meghatĂĄrozĂĄsĂĄra, ezek tĂĄrsadalmi-demogrĂĄfiai jellegzetessĂ©geinek feltĂĄrĂĄsĂĄra törekedtem. EredmĂ©nyeim alapjĂĄn a minta kulturĂĄlis fogyasztĂĄsi csoportjai között megtalĂĄlhatĂłak voltak mind az omnivore (mindenevĆk), mind az univore (egysĂkĂș) csoportok. MarkĂĄnsan kirajzolĂłdott, hogy a mindenevĆk csoportja (rendszeres kultĂșrafogyasztĂłk) jellemzĆen magasabban kvalifikĂĄlt Ă©s tagjai a magasabb tĂĄrsadalmi osztĂĄlyt kĂ©pviselik. FogyasztĂĄsukban karakteresen megjelenik, hogy többfĂ©le kulturĂĄlis mƱfajra, ĂĄgazatra Ă©s lehetĆsĂ©gekre nyitott Ă©s ezek közĂŒl rendszerint vĂĄlogat. Az egysĂkĂș kultĂșrafogyasztĂłk esetĂ©ben (közepes kultĂșrafogyasztĂł) pedig az alacsonyabb iskolai vĂ©gzettsĂ©g Ă©s tĂĄrsadalmi stĂĄtusz volt jellemzĆ.In my study âThe color TV â the changes that took place in our society and in the cultural needs of our country as consecuences of the appearance of commercial TV industry, also in view of itâs regional settingâ, I have investigated the realationship between culture and media consumption, as well as their transformation during the past years. There were three pillars of analysis. The consumer research of MillwardBrown's TGI, the Nielsen instrumental Audience Measurementâs television rate Database, and the result of my own questionnaire research.
In the First Chapter I have analysed the formation of the media consumption. Beginning from October, 1997 âfirst in Hungary- two new nationwide commercial channels (RTL Klub and TV2) of terrestrial emission have started to operate. Besides the two more generic broadcasters the number of thematic channels has also been continuously increasing to meet the specific needs of the audience. Today, at around 120 Hungarian language channels are trying to meet the audience's expectations. In Hungary, the time spent for watching television is still very high - although the trend of the growing process has already changed direction- but the cable channels are increasingly demanding their ever bigger share. Today, an average Hungarian viewer spends 70% of his viewing time by watching cable channels, while in 2000 this figure was close to 10% only. The most time before the television screen is spent by the inactive socio-demographic groups of the lower educated people with less cultural demands and by the elderly âover 60- people. In this phase of the analysis it has been concluded, that location of the regions is also an explanatory factor when examining television needs and expectations. The inhabitants of Central and Northern Hungary consume television programs more than the average.
Countless studies offer evidence, that media has an ever growing role in our life. The appearance of the Internet has fundamentally changed media consumption, apparently breaking the monopoly of the television. The most up-to-date technical solutions and devices also support the use of any media everywhere and always with ease and speed. Users spend more and more hours on the pages and this process has not ceased so far. Based on the research of multitasking, it can be stated that this activity has become a day-to-day action, and most of the people live with it at certain intensity on a daily basis. Often arise situations when we share our attention, while using certain media we also practice some other, (typically media-related) activities. In spite of all the alarming predictions however, the dramatic increase in the number of Internet users did not break the hegemony of the television in Hungary, it has remained to be the most significant media. The big looser of the ongoing process of transformation under the influence of the digital revolution was evidently the printed media, which has lost most of its readers a long time ago already.
It has been explored furthermore, how the respondants utilised their additional leisure time, increased due to the decrease of their time spent by watching televison. Thanks to digital evolution, there is some level of restructuring within the culture too. It seems that the relative weight of the so-called traditional culture has become less pronounced and that of the modern culture became rather powerful. The theatre, the movie and the light music concert are evidently more generic pastime, while visiting the opera, jazz concerts, the ballet and concerts of classical music can rather be considered as a kind of subculture.
In case of any cultural event the privilege of those, living in big cities (Budapest and the County seats) is enormous. In these settlements the participation at cultural events is considerably higher then the average. This is, of course, strongly linked with the fact that these cities are of high importance regarding the number and frequency of cultural events. Considering the style and genre of the events a more diverse range of programs can be reached in our otherwise capital-oriented country. We can point it out that people living in small rural cities and in villages are visiting these kinds of events not only because of their more modest cultural needs and their limited financial situation, but the narrower supply side also reduces their range of activity.
The theater is still - or more and more - popular as a way of recreation, but the cultural activities associated with other institutions (opera, ballet, classical and jazz concerts) are less frequented, they are now only considered as a subculture. When considering the consumption of culture, we found the most significant differences in the category of the type of settlement. One of the main conclusions is that there is a correlation between the size of the settlement and the consumption of cultural events among the residents. That is, the larger the type of settlement is, the greater is the number of visitors to the various cultural programs. In the case of research of the regions, three groups have been identified:
âą Active Culture Consumers: Central Hungary;
âą Culture as a Subculture: Western Transdanubia, Southern Great Plain, Central Transdanubia, Northern Great Plain;
âą Culture Consumers of less than the average: Southern Transdanubia, Northern Hungary.
I have also examined how the cultural needs within television have changed. As a method, I chose to analyze the annual top list ratings and the annual market share of the TV channels. Actually, most of the top listed 30 most frequently viewed broacasts are the programs of the RTL Klub. At the dawn of the commercial television, TV2 was the most successful channel during the first few years, then in almost every demographic group the RTL Klub took over this leading role, though at a different rate. However, we could see different attitudes of the audience by region, if was variable which channel was preferred by the inhabitants of a given region. The "fans of the RTL Klub" are those who preferred the programs of the RTL Klub at the very beginning of commercial television. The "channel changers" preferred TV2 programs for a long time, but after a change in viewer behavior, their preference was shifted towards the RTL Klub. In addition, there is also a third group, a community of "non-channel specific" viewers, for the members of this group there is a fierce competition up to the present days.
âą RTL Klub fans: Central Hungary, Northern Hungary, Northern Great Plain,
âą Changers of channels: Southern Transdanubia,
âą Not channel specific: Western Transdanubia, Central Transdanubia, Southern Great Plain.
In addition to the list of the most watched programs, I have analysed how the TV rate of the different channel categories has been formed since the beginning of commercial television. Taking into consideration the average daily TV rate at the beginning of the dual TV scheeme, the TV2 has been outpaceing the channels of public service even in the first year and a few years later, the RTL Klub took over the market leader position in several demographic segments. By the expansion of the supply side, the combined TV rate of the two major trade channels have started to be cannibalised drastically, which phenomenon is still under way today. By the analysis of the regions, it became clear that the difference we will find in the state of progress of the fragmentation.
âąEarly diversified audiences: Central Hungary, Central Transdanubia.
âąLate-diversified audience: Northern Great Plain, Northern Hungary, Southern Transdanubia, Western Transdanubia, Southern Great Plain.
During my research on my own 500-person online questionnaire I tried to explore some aspects of Hungary's leisure activity, above all from the point of view of the cultural activities. Following the presentation of the sample with descriptive statistics, I created three clusters, based on the frequency of the forms of cultural recreation, with the help of k-central clustering, involving ten variables. The cluster of casual culture consumers, the cluster of medium cultural consumers and the cluster of regular culture consumers. After the partitioning process, I compared these groups by their media consumption and viewing habits, as well as according to their active leisure time recreational patterns.
Following the analysis, it became clear that the people are spending their leisure time in a more diversified way. Regarding the leisure activities of those surveyed, it can be stated that, regardless of the intensity, television viewing (94.4%) and social networking (91.1%: facebook, Twitter, LinkedIn) are the most typical. Considering the daily occurrence however, the visiting of various social network sites (Facebook, Twitter, LinkedIn) is the most striking feature (67.3% daily). The daily rate of TV viewers and the number of visitors of the online news sites is also quite high, it is almost 60%. The setback of the so-called offline contents during the recent years also appeares in these data sets.d
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