Experiência internacional e estrangeira de controle sobre a atividade dos tribunais (juízes)

This article, based on the analysis of scientific views of scholars, summarizes the foreign experience of control over the activity of courts (judges). After summarizing the experience of Germany, it is stated that the legal mechanism of control over judges in this country is characterized not only by the differentiation of the distribution of supervisory powers at the federal and regional levels, but also by the active involvement of executive and legislative bodies. It is established that the existing foreign experience of control and supervision over the work of judges is quite diverse and can be used by domestic legislators when introducing amendments and additions to current legislation. The most positive experience that can be used in Ukraine to improve the control over the activity of judges includes: 1) The need to improve the procedure for selecting judges; 2) extension of the statute of limitations for committing an offense as a ground for disciplinary liability, in order to reduce the risk of judges avoiding its occurrence; 3) introduction of new forms and methods of control in the relevant field; 4) improvement of organizational and legal bases of public involvement in the implementation of control and supervision measures in the area under study.Este artículo, con base en el análisis de opiniones científicas de los académicos, resume la experiencia extranjera de control de la actividad de los tribunales (jueces). Tras resumir la experiencia de Alemania, se afirma que el mecanismo jurídico de control sobre los jueces en este país se caracteriza no solo por la diferenciación de la distribución de las facultades de supervisión a nivel federal y regional, sino también por la participación activa de los órganos ejecutivos y legislativos. Se establece que la experiencia extranjera existente en materia de control y supervisión de la labor de los jueces es muy diversa y puede ser utilizada por los legisladores nacionales al introducir enmiendas y adiciones a la legislación vigente. La experiencia más positiva que puede utilizarse en Ucrania para mejorar el control de la actividad de los jueces incluye: 1) la necesidad de mejorar el procedimiento de selección de los jueces; 2) la ampliación del plazo de prescripción de la comisión de una infracción como motivo de responsabilidad disciplinaria, a fin de reducir el riesgo de que los jueces eviten que se produzca; 3) la introducción de nuevas formas y métodos de control en el campo pertinente; 4) la mejora de las bases organizativas y jurídicas de la participación pública en la aplicación de medidas de control y supervisión en el área objeto de estudio.  Este artigo, com base na análise de visões científicas de estudiosos, resume a experiência estrangeira de controle sobre a atividade dos tribunais (juízes). Após resumir a experiência da Alemanha, afirma-se que o mecanismo jurídico de controle dos juízes neste país se caracteriza não só pela diferenciação da distribuição dos poderes de fiscalização nos níveis federal e regional, mas também pelo envolvimento ativo do Executivo e órgãos legislativos. Está estabelecido que a experiência estrangeira existente de controle e supervisão sobre o trabalho de juízes é bastante diversa e pode ser usada por legisladores nacionais ao introduzir emendas e adições à legislação em vigor. A experiência mais positiva que pode ser usada na Ucrânia para melhorar o controle sobre a atividade dos juízes inclui: 1) A necessidade de melhorar o procedimento de seleção dos juízes; 2) extensão do prazo de prescrição para a prática de crime como fundamento de responsabilidade disciplinar, de forma a reduzir o risco de os juízes evitarem a sua ocorrência; 3) introdução de novas formas e métodos de controle no campo relevante; 4) melhoria das bases organizacionais e jurídicas do envolvimento público na implementação de medidas de controlo e fiscalização na área em estudo

International and foreign experience of control over the activity of courts ( judges)

This article, based on the analysis of scientific views of scholars, summarizes the foreign experience of control over the activity of courts (judges). After summarizing the experience of Germany, it is stated that the legal mechanism of control over judges in this country is characterized not only by the differentiation of the distri-bution of supervisory powers at the federal and regional levels, but also by the active involvement of executive and legislative bodies. It is established that the existing foreign experience of control and supervision over the work of judges is quite diverse and can be used by domestic legislators when introducing amendments and additions to current legislation. The most positive experience that can be used in Ukraine to improve the control over the activity of judges includes: 1) The need to improve the procedure for selecting judges; 2) extension of the statute of limitations for committing an offense as a ground for disciplinary liability, in order to reduce the risk of judges avoiding its occurrence; 3) introduction of new forms and methods of control in the relevant field; 4) improvement of organizational and legal bases of public involvement in the implementation of control and supervision measures in the area under study.Este artigo, com base na análise de visões científicas de estudiosos, resume a experiência estrangeira de controle sobre a atividade dos tribunais (juízes). Após resumir a experiência da Alemanha, afirma-se que o mecanismo jurídico de controle dos juízes neste país se caracteriza não só pela diferenciação da distribuição dos poderes de fiscalização nos níveis federal e regional, mas também pelo envolvimento ativo do Executivo e órgãos legislativos. Está estabelecido que a experiência estrangeira existente de controle e supervisão sobre o trabalho de juízes é bastante diversa e pode ser usada por legisladores nacionais ao introduzir emendas e adições à legislação em vigor. A experiência mais positiva que pode ser usada na Ucrânia para melhorar o controle sobre a atividade dos juízes inclui: 1) A necessidade de melhorar o procedimento de seleção dos juízes; 2) extensão do prazo de prescrição para a prática de crime como fundamento de responsabilidade disciplinar, de forma a reduzir o risco de os juízes evitarem a sua ocorrência; 3) introdução de novas formas e métodos de controle no campo relevante; 4) melhoria das bases organizacionais e jurídicas do envolvimento público na implementação de medidas de controlo e fiscalização na área em estudoEste artículo, con base en el análisis de opiniones científicas de los académicos, resume la experiencia extran-jera de control de la actividad de los tribunales (jueces). Tras resumir la experiencia de Alemania, se afirma que el mecanismo jurídico de control sobre los jueces en este país se caracteriza no solo por la diferenciación de la distribución de las facultades de supervisión a nivel federal y regional, sino también por la participación activa de los órganos ejecutivos y legislativos. Se establece que la experiencia extranjera existente en materia de control y supervisión de la labor de los jueces es muy diversa y puede ser utilizada por los legisladores nacionales al introducir enmiendas y adiciones a la legislación vigente. La experiencia más positiva que puede utilizarse en Ucrania para mejorar el control de la actividad de los jueces incluye: 1) la necesidad de mejorar el procedimiento de selección de los jueces; 2) la ampliación del plazo de prescripción de la comisión de una infracción como motivo de responsabilidad disciplinaria, a fin de reducir el riesgo de que los jueces eviten que se produzca; 3) la introducción de nuevas formas y métodos de control en el campo pertinente; 4) la mejora de las bases organizativas y jurídicas de la participación pública en la aplicación de medidas de control y supervisión en el área objeto de estudi

Evaluación de las responsabilidades de la Corte Penal Internacional en la investigación de los crímenes de guerra en Ucrania

Ukrainian law enforcement agencies are working in cooperation with the International Criminal Court - ICC and countries that jointly support the ICC to collect evidence of Russia’s atrocity crimes in order to hold the alleged perpetrators accountable. The collection of evidence in the situation of Ukraine ever turned into an unprecedented investigation of the likely international crimes committed by Russian armed forces in Ukraine. This study aims to determine the fundamental role and significance of the ICC in a collective investigation of the situation in Ukraine. Knowing that the definition of the term “war crimes” does not exist in the current legislation of Ukraine, this study attempts a correlative analysis of the term “war crimes” in the context of international law and finds that Ukrainian law enforcement agencies and institutions are capable of documenting war crimes committed in Ukraine by the Russian Federation. This suggests that the ICC, in comparison to its previous international investigations, definitively has a wide range of support resources to hold accountable “those most responsible“ for alleged war crimes and crimes against humanity, as emphasized in its prosecutorial policy documents.Las fuerzas de seguridad ucranianas están trabajando en cooperación con la Corte Penal Internacional (CPI) y los países que en conjunto la apoyan para recopilar pruebas de los atroces crímenes cometidos por Rusia, con el fin de exigir responsabilidades a los presuntos autores. La recopilación de pruebas en la situación de Ucrania se ha convertido en una investigación sin precedentes de los probables crímenes internacionales cometidos por las fuerzas armadas rusas en Ucrania. Este estudio pretende determinar el papel fundamental y la importancia de la CPI en una investigación colectiva de la situación en Ucrania. Dado que la definición del término crímenes de guerra no existe en la legislación actual de Ucrania, este estudio intenta realizar un análisis correlativo del término en mención en el contexto del derecho internacional. De este modo, constata que los organismos instituciones policiales ucranianos son capaces de documentar los crímenes de guerra cometidos en Ucrania por la Federación Rusa. Esto sugiere que la CPI, en comparación con sus anteriores investigaciones internacionales, cuenta definitivamente con una amplia gama de recursos de apoyo para hacer rendir cuentas a “los máximos responsables” de presuntos crímenes de guerra y crímenes contra la humanidad, tal y como se subraya en sus documentos de política procesal

Child Internalizing Problems in Ukraine: The Role of Prosocial and Antisocial Friends and Generalized Self-Efficacy

The current study examines the association between peer behaviors, self-efficacy, and internalizing symptoms in a sample of 1545 children aged 11 to 13 years old who attended middle schools in eastern Ukraine. We used structural equation modeling (SEM) to examine the role of self-efficacy in the relationship between child internalizing behaviors (anxiety, depression, and somatic complaints) and exposure to prosocial and antisocial friends among girls and boys. Higher self-efficacy was linked with fewer internalizing symptoms for girls and boys. For both boys and girls, exposure to prosocial friends was not statistically associated with changes in internalizing behaviors. However, girls and boys who reported having more antisocial friends had significantly more internalizing symptoms. For girls, association with a greater number of prosocial friends and fewer antisocial friends has been linked with higher self-efficacy and fewer internalizing symptoms. For boys, having more prosocial friends was also linked with higher self-efficacy and fewer internalizing symptoms; however, there was no statistically significant association between having more antisocial friends and self-efficacy. The study discusses the cultural and gender aspects of child socialization in the context of antisocial and prosocial friends, and the development of internalizing behavior problems

Child Internalizing Problems in Ukraine: The Role of Prosocial and Antisocial Friends and Generalized Self-Efficacy

The current study examines the association between peer behaviors, self-efficacy, and internalizing symptoms in a sample of 1545 children aged 11 to 13 years old who attended middle schools in eastern Ukraine. We used structural equation modeling (SEM) to examine the role of self-efficacy in the relationship between child internalizing behaviors (anxiety, depression, and somatic complaints) and exposure to prosocial and antisocial friends among girls and boys. Higher self-efficacy was linked with fewer internalizing symptoms for girls and boys. For both boys and girls, exposure to prosocial friends was not statistically associated with changes in internalizing behaviors. However, girls and boys who reported having more antisocial friends had significantly more internalizing symptoms. For girls, association with a greater number of prosocial friends and fewer antisocial friends has been linked with higher self-efficacy and fewer internalizing symptoms. For boys, having more prosocial friends was also linked with higher self-efficacy and fewer internalizing symptoms; however, there was no statistically significant association between having more antisocial friends and self-efficacy. The study discusses the cultural and gender aspects of child socialization in the context of antisocial and prosocial friends, and the development of internalizing behavior problems