63 research outputs found

    Manufacturing Humanitarian Imagery: Explaining Norwegian Refugee Council’s Public Communication Strategies Toward the Syrian and Central African Crises

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    As refugee organizations’ communication can influence public perceptions, this study analyzes the underlying motivations and practices. To explain Norwegian Refugee Council’s (NRC) public communication strategies toward the recent Syrian and Central African crises, we conducted a 3-week office ethnography at its main communication department, interviewed 10 communication officers, and analyzed key communication policy documents. First, NRC’s discursive strategies are molded by medium-based and/or context-sensitive routines, organizational goals and trends, and challenging institutional and societal contexts. Second, NRC’s crisis foci are institutionally shaped through the “Vicious Neglected Crisis Circle effect,” which is reinforced and/or limited by organizational and individual (counter) incentives, sensitive contexts, and context-sensitive routines. Third, NRC’s choice of represented forcibly displaced people is influenced by various selection criteria and sociodemographic-specific reasons. Thus, complex organizational, institutional, and societal contexts largely shape public communication strategies, suggesting that reflexivity and structural institutional changes are essential to achieve more balanced, representative humanitarian imageries

    Using Rhetorical Situations to Examine and Improve Vaccination Communication

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    Opinion polls have documented a considerable public skepticism towards a COVID-19 vaccine. Seeking to address the vaccine skepticism challenge this essay surveys the research on vaccine hesitancy and trust building through the lens of the rhetorical situation and points towards five broad principles for a content strategy for public health communicators in regards to vaccination: 1) vaccine hesitancy is not irrational per se; 2) messages should be tailored to the various hesitancy drivers; 3) what is perceived as trustworthy is situational and constantly negotiated; 4) in areas of uncertainty where no exact knowledge exists, the character of the speaker becomes more important; and 5) the trustworthiness of the speaker can be strengthened through finding some common ground—such as shared feelings or accepted premises—with the audience. Such common insights are on offer in the literature on rhetoric and persuasion and linked here with the research on vaccine communication and trust focusing specifically on the latter and character

    Public Ethos in the Pandemic Rhetorical Situation:Strategies for Building Trust in Authorities’ Risk Communication

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    As illustrated by the COVID-19 pandemic, risk and crisis communication are crucial responsibilities of modern governments. Existing research on risk and crisis communication points to the importance of trust, both as a resource in and an end goal of communicative activities. In this paper, we argue that revisiting the classical rhetorical concept of ethos in combination with the modern concept of the rhetorical situation can contribute to fitting responses in risk and crisis communication. The paper examines how appeals to ethos may build trust in health authorities’ public communication during the COVID-19 pandemic. Through interviews and participant observation in public health institutions that handle the COVID-19 pandemic in Norway, the paper finds that understanding the rhetorical situation of the pandemic allows for a better understanding of the available means of persuasion. For instance, through the active communication of transparency and independence when faced by uncertainty and rapidly changing information

    Epler og pÊrer: Om analogien mellom kommunikasjonsrÄdgivere og advoktater

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    Noen kommunikasjonsrĂ„dgivere sammenlikner sitt yrke med advokaters. Strategisk kommunikasjon ses da pĂ„ som pĂ„virkningsforsĂžk som foregĂ„r i offentlighetens «rettssal». En kjernetanke er at de synspunktene som utelukkende er basert pĂ„ egeninteresse, ikke vil kunne vinne fram, ettersom konkurrerende synspunkter og argumenter umiddelbart vil dukke opp. Demokratiet hviler nettopp pĂ„ at alle skal kunne fremme sine synspunkter. I dette essayet diskuterer vi sammenlikningen mellom kommunikasjonsrĂ„dgivere og advokater i lys av teori om profesjonell etikk og pĂ„virkning. En stadig tilbakevendende diskusjon innen kommunikasjonsfaget bĂ„de nasjonalt og internasjonalt dreier seg om profesjonalitet og profesjonalisering av bransjen (Fitzgerald 1946, Ihlen & Rakkenes 2009, Pieczka & L’Etang 2001). Det vi her kaller kommunikasjonsbransjen, omfatter sĂ„ vel fast ansatte rĂ„dgivere i enkeltvirksomheter og rĂ„dgivere som jobber i kommunikasjonsbyrĂ„. ByrĂ„ene har en tendens til Ă„ stjele medieoppmerksomhet pĂ„ tross av at det store flertallet av kommunikasjonsrĂ„dgivere er fast ansatt i organisasjoner eller bedrifter for Ăžvrig. Uansett sysler de med strategisk kommunikasjon definert som en organisasjons hensiktsmessige bruk av kommunikasjon for Ă„ oppnĂ„ sitt formĂ„l («purposeful use of communication by an organization to fulfill its mission») (Hallahan, Holtzhausen, van Ruler, Verčič, & Sriramesh 2007:3). Vi tar sĂŠrlig utgangspunkt i byrĂ„enes virksomhet ettersom etikktemaet settes pĂ„ spissen nĂ„r byrĂ„ene kontaktes av tvilsomme klienter. BĂ„de praktikere og mange akademikere har vĂŠrt opptatt av Ă„ fĂ„ anerkjennelse for at strategisk kommunikasjon er et fag (f.eks. «Her er...» 2009). Kommunikasjonsbransjen er imidlertid Ă„pen, det vil si, alle og enhver kan bruke tittelen kommunikasjonsrĂ„dgiver og selge sine rĂ„d. Dette skaper et problem for dem som Ăžnsker at bransjen skal oppnĂ„ hĂžyere anseelse. I diskusjonen om fag og profesjon skjeler en gjerne til lege- og advokatstanden og peker pĂ„ hvordan slike klassiske profesjoner har oppnĂ„dd sin status blant annet gjennom sertifisering og fastlagte utdanningslĂžp. Enkelte land som for eksempel Brasil har da ogsĂ„ innfĂžrt krav til sertifisering for dem som vil drive med kommunikasjonsrĂ„dgivning (Molleda, Athaydes, & Hirsch 2003). I USA har de to store praktikerforeningene Public Relations Society of America (PRSA) og International Association of Business Communicators (IABC) begge utviklet akkrediteringsordninger som gir medlemmene et bevis pĂ„ at de behersker visse kunnskaper. Institute of Public Relations (IPR) i England har et tilsvarende diplom som de utsteder. Og i Norge tilbyr Norske InformasjonsrĂ„dgivere (NIR) en sertifiseringsordning for kommunikasjonsbyrĂ„er. Siden 2004 har Det Norske Veritas stĂ„tt for gjennomfĂžringen av sertifiseringen, basert pĂ„ en standard utviklet av engelske Public Relations Consultants Association.1 I skrivende stund (oktober 2011) har imidlertid bare ni av 26 NIR-medlemmer blitt sertifisert. Denne siden av bransjens profesjonalisering gĂ„r altsĂ„ heller treigt. For Ă„ kunne drive advokatvirksomhet derimot, mĂ„ den som driver virksomheten, ha bevilling, og denne bevillingen gis av TilsynsrĂ„det for advokatvirksomhet.Lisens eller sertifisering er en ting, et annet viktig trekk ved profesjoner er at de har en spesifikk yrkesetikk. Se for eksempel den norske advokatforeningens hjemmeside, www.advokatforeningen.no med «Regler for god advokatskikk» (besĂžkt 15. juni 2011), og Code of Conduct for den europeiske advokatorganisasjonen CCBE, som finnes samme sted. En slik yrkesetikk er i utgangspunktet noe som har til hensikt Ă„ skulle hjelpe til med bĂ„de Ă„ analysere, hĂ„ndtere og forebygge etiske konflikter ved at en innfĂžrer en moralsk dimensjon (Brinkmann 2003). Norsk kommunikasjonsforening som organiserer over 3000 kommunikatĂžrer, har laget et sett etiske prinsipper som blant annet involverer integritet, skikkethet og konfidensialitet. ByrĂ„enes organisasjon, NIR, opererer pĂ„ liknende mĂ„te med 12 punkter i det de kaller RĂ„dgiverplakaten. Det fĂžrste punktet lyder at «En rĂ„dgiver kan arbeide for alle lovlige virksomheter og privatpersoner som Ăžnsker Ă„ bedre sin kommunikasjon med andre». Dette er en innsnevring av den tidligere formuleringen om at «Alle har rett til Ă„ fremme sine synspunkter, og til Ă„ hente bistand til dette». Legendariske tidlige utĂžvere av yrket som Ivy Lee og Edward L. Bernays mente pĂ„ samme mĂ„te at de skulle vĂŠre sine klienters advokater overfor «offentlighetens domstol» (Barney & Black 1994). I dette essayet diskuterer vi denne analogien mellom kommunikasjonsrĂ„dgivere og advokater. FĂžrst diskuterer vi imidlertid den generelle etiske utfordringen til feltet strategisk kommunikasjon, dernest det engelske begrepet advocacy og forestillingen om advokatrollen. Vi presenterer sĂ„ fem sentrale dimensjoner der vi mener det er for store ulikheter mellom kommunikasjonsrĂ„dgivere og advokater til at analogien fungerer. I konklusjonsavsnittet trekker vi fram det vi mener er en mulig konsekvens dersom kommunikasjonsrĂ„dgivere fastholder analogien og antyder dessuten en alternativ retning for Ă„ utmeisle en etisk plattform for bransjen

    Transatlantic Perspectives on the U.S. 2004 Election. The Case of Norway

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    The U.S. Presidential election of 2004 was an exciting reprise of the 2000 election and was closely watched by numerous observers across the world. The election held significant ramifications for world issues such as the war in Iraq and the war on terror. Norwegian media in particular followed the election with great interest. The strong social and familial bond between Norwegians and Americans was a foundation for an interest in the role that social issues such as abortion, gay marriage, and religion played in the campaign. This ar - ticle was an exploratory case study based on data from three major Norwegian newspapers. The article used framing theory as a tool to examine the way in which these newspapers covered the 2004 U.S. Presidential election. A key focus was the importance and influence of culture in this framing process. Results are presented and implications for the role of framing theory in international contexts are discusse

    Science communication and strategic communication: The case of health authorities, trust building and vaccine hesitancy

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    Purpose There is a great potential in pulling together science communication and strategic communication, especially given how the former has gained importance in organizational contexts. Strategic communication, including rhetorical theory, can offer insights that are invaluable to understand the contests over what “truth” is and how different political perspectives influence such debates. The case of vaccine hesitancy is used as an illustration of the challenges posed to organizations and organizational communication around science-related issues today. There is a need to understand the audience in order to build credibility, or ethos, while at the same time recognizing the contingent and situational character of this endeavor. Findings Rhetoric and strategic communication can offer science communication the essential knowledge to strengthen credibility. While much attention has been geared toward understanding the audience, strategic communication and rhetoric in particular go further and also spell out the strategic implications for communication that is intended to strengthen credibility. Additionally, rhetoric alerts us to how credibility, or ethos, is not a fixed quality in a sender or a text but is situational and constantly negotiated. While the case of vaccine hesitancy and health authorities is used as an illustration, all organizations share the need to somehow have others believe in what they are saying. The toolboxes of strategic communication and rhetoric hold a number of insights and approaches that could benefit science communication. Originality/value The study pulls together insights from rhetoric and strategic communication that can inform science communication

    Communication and Corporate Social Responsibility in Norway, 2009

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    Enron, Shell, and in Norway, Statoil and the state-owned Vinmonopolet, are all companies that have recently been involved in scandals and criticized for unethical conduct. By implication, these companies are also accused of neglecting their corporate social responsibility (CSR). Concurrently, it is not unlikely that such scandals have fed what appears to be widespread public skepticism regarding CSR programs. The companies' motivation for CSR is questioned, and it is doubted whether they follow up on grand promises made in public statements such as CSR reports. This skepticism poses rhetorical challenges for companies and also demands reflective and ethical strategies that address public perceptions of CSR. It is important to grasp the existing discourses about CSR in company publications, but also how the CSR concept is expressed in the mass media. In the research literature, however, studies of such aspects are scarce.This project addresses the above shortcomings in a Norwegian context by conducting a historical and context sensitive rhetorical and ethical analysis of communication strategies, as well as the mass media's coverage of CSR-related topics. Textual analysis is conducted drawing on both classical and modern works from rhetoric, public relations and the management discipline of business ethics. Qualitative interviews with organizational representatives will be used as a supplement. The focus is on five large,five medium-sized and five small Norwegian companies. This dataset contains the media coverage of a white paper on social responsibility
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