Sessile Ciliates (Ciliophora) from Extreme Habitats

Статья представляет собой обзор различных типов экстремальных местообитаний, в которых были найдены сидячие инфузории. Основное внимание в работе уделено местообитаниям, из которых были получены оригинальные материалы: гипергалинным водоемам, глубоководным местообитаниям разного типа, а также пещерным и подземным водам. Анализируются находки сукторий Acinetides infundibuliformis, Acineta harpacticicola и перитрихи Cothurnia maritima в гипергалинных водоемах (при солености от 38 до 60 ‰), сукторий Corynophrya abyssalis из сообщества гидротермов (глубина 4095 м) и Thecacineta calix, найденной в Андаманском море (глубина 1301 м), сукторий Paracineta livadiana, C. lyngbyi и перитрихи C. maritima из сероводородной зоны Черного моря (глубины 80-300 м), а также сукторий Tokophrya niphargi и Spelaeophrya troglocaridis и апостомат Gymnodinioides sp. в пещерных и подземных водах. Обсуждаются возможные адаптации перечисленных инфузорий к условиям экстремальных местообитаний. Показано, что для инфузорий-экстремофилов характерны физиологические адаптации к экстремальным факторам. Имеющиеся у таких видов морфологические структуры и особенности размножения являются адаптациями к неблагоприятным факторам в целомThe present article addresses an overview of different types of extreme habitats in which sessile ciliates were found. Ciliates were found in different extreme habitats (marine deep waters, hypersaline, caves, and subterranean waters). Authors registered 11 species of sessile ciliates in extreme environments: suctorians Corynophrya abyssalis in a hydrothermal vent field (4090 m depth), Thecacineta calix in the Andaman Sea (1301 m depth), Paracineta livadiana, C. lyngbyi and peritrichous ciliate Cothurnia maritima in hypoxic/anoxic conditions of the Black Sea (80-300 m depth), suctorian ciliates Tokophrya niphargi and Spelaeophrya troglocaridis and apostome ciliate Gymnodinioides sp. in cave and subterranean waters, as well as suctorians Acinetides infundibuliformis, Acineta harpacticicola and peritrichous ciliate C. maritima in hypersaline waters (salinity from 38 ‰ to 60 ‰). The possible adaptations of listed ciliates to extreme habitats are discussed. It is difficult to identify any morphological adaptations of these ciliate species to life in extreme conditions. There are the physiological adaptations to extreme factors in extremophile ciliates. Some morphological structures and breeding characteristics, which are presented in ciliates living in extreme environments, may be adaptations to such conditions in genera

New reports of sessile ciliates from Amsterdam, The Netherlands

The aim of this contribution is to present some ciliate reports from Amsterdam, the Netherlands. They are: Acineta nitocrae Dovgal, 1984, Metacineta micraster (Penard, 1914), Opercularia sp., Campanella sp., Platycola decumbens Ehrenberg, 1830, Thuricola folliculata Kent, 1881, and Stentor sp. The systematic position of the several finds of these species are given along with the related information in the study. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first time that A. nitocrae has been reported in Northern European freshwaters, which is the third region after Ukraine and Canada where the species was found.Celem pracy jest doniesienie dotyczące stwierdzenia orzęsków z Amsterdamu w Holandii. Są to: Acineta nitocrae Dovgal, 1984, Metacineta micraster (Penard, 1914), Opercularia sp., Campanella sp., Platycola decumbens Ehrenberg, 1830, Thuricola folliculata Kent, 1881 i Stentor sp. Podano pozycję systematyczną wybranych gatunków. Według naszej najlepszej wiedzy jest to pierwszy przypadek występowania A. nitocrae w słodkowodnych wodach Europy Północnej, które są trzecim regionem po Ukrainie i Kanadzie, gdzie ten gatunek został znaleziony

Sessile Ciliates (Ciliophora) from Extreme Habitats

Статья представляет собой обзор различных типов экстремальных местообитаний, в которых были найдены сидячие инфузории. Основное внимание в работе уделено местообитаниям, из которых были получены оригинальные материалы: гипергалинным водоемам, глубоководным местообитаниям разного типа, а также пещерным и подземным водам. Анализируются находки сукторий Acinetides infundibuliformis, Acineta harpacticicola и перитрихи Cothurnia maritima в гипергалинных водоемах (при солености от 38 до 60 ‰), сукторий Corynophrya abyssalis из сообщества гидротермов (глубина 4095 м) и Thecacineta calix, найденной в Андаманском море (глубина 1301 м), сукторий Paracineta livadiana, C. lyngbyi и перитрихи C. maritima из сероводородной зоны Черного моря (глубины 80-300 м), а также сукторий Tokophrya niphargi и Spelaeophrya troglocaridis и апостомат Gymnodinioides sp. в пещерных и подземных водах. Обсуждаются возможные адаптации перечисленных инфузорий к условиям экстремальных местообитаний. Показано, что для инфузорий-экстремофилов характерны физиологические адаптации к экстремальным факторам. Имеющиеся у таких видов морфологические структуры и особенности размножения являются адаптациями к неблагоприятным факторам в целомThe present article addresses an overview of different types of extreme habitats in which sessile ciliates were found. Ciliates were found in different extreme habitats (marine deep waters, hypersaline, caves, and subterranean waters). Authors registered 11 species of sessile ciliates in extreme environments: suctorians Corynophrya abyssalis in a hydrothermal vent field (4090 m depth), Thecacineta calix in the Andaman Sea (1301 m depth), Paracineta livadiana, C. lyngbyi and peritrichous ciliate Cothurnia maritima in hypoxic/anoxic conditions of the Black Sea (80-300 m depth), suctorian ciliates Tokophrya niphargi and Spelaeophrya troglocaridis and apostome ciliate Gymnodinioides sp. in cave and subterranean waters, as well as suctorians Acinetides infundibuliformis, Acineta harpacticicola and peritrichous ciliate C. maritima in hypersaline waters (salinity from 38 ‰ to 60 ‰). The possible adaptations of listed ciliates to extreme habitats are discussed. It is difficult to identify any morphological adaptations of these ciliate species to life in extreme conditions. There are the physiological adaptations to extreme factors in extremophile ciliates. Some morphological structures and breeding characteristics, which are presented in ciliates living in extreme environments, may be adaptations to such conditions in genera

Determining Stability Conditions for Haulage Drifts Protected by Coal Pillars

The aim of this research is to study the stability of haulage drifts and the manifestations of rock pressure in them lengthwise the working area when protecting them with coal pillars.To assess the stability of workings, field experiments were conducted to study the manifestations of rock pressure in the haulage drifts of a steep coal seam. It has been registered that as the breakage face progresses, the displacement of roof rocks on the contour of the drift linearly increases with an increase in the length of the working area.The deformation properties of coal pillars were studied taking into consideration the extent of the convergence of the roof and soil. This paper reports a theoretical model that describes the destruction of the above-drift coal pillars when unloading the coal-bearing massif that hosts the workings.It has been determined that the equilibrium state of coal pillars is ensured when the specific deformation and stress potentials are equal before the occurrence of main cracks of destruction. As the relative deformation of coal pillars increases at compression, when this equality is broken, the specific energy intensity of destruction increases. It is noted that at a distance exceeding l>10 m behind the breakage face, the occurrence of the main cracks of destruction is followed by a stability loss in the coal pillars. As a result of external forces, the change in the volume and shape of the coal pillars causes the intensification of the process of convergence of lateral rocks on the contour of haulage drifts lengthwise the working area and leads, with a certain degree of probability, to a deterioration in the stability of workings.The results of this study could be used to justify the choice of technique to protect haulage drifts. This would allow the timely development of minefield reserves thereby improving the safety of operations. It is recommended that the technique of protecting haulage drifts by coal pillars should be abandone

Determining Stability Conditions for Haulage Drifts Protected by Coal Pillars

The aim of this research is to study the stability of haulage drifts and the manifestations of rock pressure in them lengthwise the working area when protecting them with coal pillars.To assess the stability of workings, field experiments were conducted to study the manifestations of rock pressure in the haulage drifts of a steep coal seam. It has been registered that as the breakage face progresses, the displacement of roof rocks on the contour of the drift linearly increases with an increase in the length of the working area.The deformation properties of coal pillars were studied taking into consideration the extent of the convergence of the roof and soil. This paper reports a theoretical model that describes the destruction of the above-drift coal pillars when unloading the coal-bearing massif that hosts the workings.It has been determined that the equilibrium state of coal pillars is ensured when the specific deformation and stress potentials are equal before the occurrence of main cracks of destruction. As the relative deformation of coal pillars increases at compression, when this equality is broken, the specific energy intensity of destruction increases. It is noted that at a distance exceeding l>10 m behind the breakage face, the occurrence of the main cracks of destruction is followed by a stability loss in the coal pillars. As a result of external forces, the change in the volume and shape of the coal pillars causes the intensification of the process of convergence of lateral rocks on the contour of haulage drifts lengthwise the working area and leads, with a certain degree of probability, to a deterioration in the stability of workings.The results of this study could be used to justify the choice of technique to protect haulage drifts. This would allow the timely development of minefield reserves thereby improving the safety of operations. It is recommended that the technique of protecting haulage drifts by coal pillars should be abandone