Nutritional Strategies for Optimizing Nitrogen Utilization by Dairy Cows

266 p.Thesis (Ph.D.)--University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 2004.A meta-analytic review and three experiments with multiparous Holstein cows were conducted to test the hypothesis that the crude protein (CP) content of the diet can be decreased to improve the efficiency of N utilization for milk production without compromising the supply of metabolizable protein and the lactational performance of dairy cows. Results from the meta-analysis showed that large variation exits in the responses of dairy cows to the amount and source of dietary CP. A large proportion of this variation is explained by the source of CP in the control diets, the proportion and source of rumen undegradable protein in the experimental diets, and the CP percentage of the diet. Experiment 1 was designed as a 6 x 6 Latin square to examine the effects of the percentage and source of CP and the amount of starch in the diet of dairy cows on ruminal fermentation, passage of nutrients to the small intestine, and nutrient digestibility. Two sources of CP (soybean meal [SBM] and a mixture of SBM and a blend of animal-marine protein supplements plus rumen-protected Met) and three percentages of dietary protein (14, 16, and 18) were combined into six treatments. In experiment 2, the effects of the same treatments on the lactational performance and efficiency of N utilization for milk production were evaluated in a 210-day lactation trial that involved 60 cows. In experiment 3, four cows were used in a 4 x 4 Latin square design to evaluate the replacement of SBM with expeller SBM, heat-xylose treated SBM, or whole roasted soybeans. Results indicate that the CP percentage of the diet of lactating cows that consume large amounts of feed can be decreased to 16 to 17% to improve the efficiency of N utilization for milk production without compromising the supply of metabolizable protein and lactational performance of dairy cows if the source and amount of dietary CP and carbohydrate are properly matched. In addition, it appears that the escape of rumen undegradable protein in dairy cows that consume large quantities of corn-SBM-based diets might be underestimated by current feeding standards.U of I OnlyRestricted to the U of I community idenfinitely during batch ingest of legacy ETD

A meta-analysis of the impact of the Aspergillus oryzae fermentation product on dairy cow performance

Feed additives produced via microbial fermentation are capable of enhancing the innate ability of animals to degrade substrates such as fiber, and increase the harvest of nutrients from consumed feeds. These additives are valuable tools in modern animal production. A fermentation product based on fungus Aspergillus oryzae (AO) (Amaferm®, BioZyme Inc.) has a prebiotic-like action and is used to enhance milk yield, feed intake, and digestibility in dairy cows. Our objective was to run a meta-analysis from published literature of AO in dairy cows to evaluate the effects of this prebiotic-like additive on dry matter intake (DMI) and fat corrected milk (FCM) yield. A database was constructed from experiments involving AO supplemented to lactating dairy cows. Only in vivo experiments of selected peer review papers published in English from 1983 to 2018 were included to build the database. These experiments must have contained at least individual least squares means (LSM) and standard error of the mean (SEM) or means and standard deviation (SD) data of DMI and FCM in dairy cows. A total of 18studies comprising 31 treatment means were pooled in a database. Data were analyzed by the means procedure of SAS (SAS 9.0, SAS Institute Inc., Cary, NC). Results from meta-analysis showed significance differences at all evaluated variables. The DMI and FCM average effect sizes were higher for AO treatments (0.390 and 1.028 for DMI and FCM respectively; P < 0.05). As AO is known to improve fiber digestion, results on DMI and FCM are sound. In conclusion, adding an AO prebiotic-like action additive to dairy cows diets have positive effects on animal performance.Fil: Cantet, Juan Manuel. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; ArgentinaFil: Palladino, Rafael Alejandro. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; Argentina. Universidad Nacional de Lomas de Zamora. Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias; ArgentinaFil: Ocasio, César. Biozyme Inc.; Estados UnidosFil: Bargo, Fernando. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Agronomía; Argentina. Biozyme Inc.; Estados UnidosFil: Ipharraguerre, Ignacio Rodolfo. Christian Albrechts Universitat Zu Kiel; AlemaniaXIII International Symposium on Ruminant PhysiologyLeipzigAlemaniaUniversity of Leipzi

Data from: Olive oil bioactives protect pigs against experimentally-induced chronic inflammation independently of alterations in gut microbiota

Subclinical chronic inflammation (SCI) is associated with impaired animal growth. Previous work has demonstrated that olive-derived plant bioactives exhibit anti-inflammatory properties that could possibly counteract the growth-depressing effects of SCI. To test this hypothesis and define the underlying mechanism, we conducted a 30-day study in which piglets fed an olive-oil bioactive extract (OBE) and their control counterparts (C+) were injected repeatedly during the last 10 days of the study with increasing doses of Escherichia coli lipopolysaccharides (LPS) to induce SCI. A third group of piglets remained untreated throughout the study and served as a negative control (C-). In C+ pigs, SCI increased the circulating concentration of interleukin 1 beta (p < 0.001) and decreased feed ingestion (p < 0.05) and weight gain (p < 0.05). These responses were not observed in OBE animals. Although intestinal inflammation and colonic microbial ecology was not altered by treatments, OBE enhanced ileal mRNA abundance of tight and adherens junctional proteins (p < 0.05) and plasma recovery of mannitol (p < 0.05) compared with C+ and C-. In line with these findings, OBE improved transepithelial electrical resistance (p < 0.01) in TNF-α-challenged Caco-2/TC-7 cells, and repressed the production of inflammatory cytokines (p < 0.05) in LPS-stimulated macrophages. In summary, this work demonstrates that OBE attenuates the suppressing effect of SCI on animal growth through a mechanism that appears to involve improvements in intestinal integrity unrelated to alterations in gut microbial ecology and function

Olive oil bioactives protect pigs against experimentally-induced chronic inflammation independently of alterations in gut microbiota

<div><p>Subclinical chronic inflammation (SCI) is associated with impaired animal growth. Previous work has demonstrated that olive-derived plant bioactives exhibit anti-inflammatory properties that could possibly counteract the growth-depressing effects of SCI. To test this hypothesis and define the underlying mechanism, we conducted a 30-day study in which piglets fed an olive-oil bioactive extract (OBE) and their control counterparts (C+) were injected repeatedly during the last 10 days of the study with increasing doses of <i>Escherichia coli</i> lipopolysaccharides (LPS) to induce SCI. A third group of piglets remained untreated throughout the study and served as a negative control (C-). In C+ pigs, SCI increased the circulating concentration of interleukin 1 beta (<i>p</i> < 0.001) and decreased feed ingestion (<i>p</i> < 0.05) and weight gain (<i>p</i> < 0.05). These responses were not observed in OBE animals. Although intestinal inflammation and colonic microbial ecology was not altered by treatments, OBE enhanced ileal mRNA abundance of tight and adherens junctional proteins (<i>p</i> < 0.05) and plasma recovery of mannitol (<i>p</i> < 0.05) compared with C+ and C-. In line with these findings, OBE improved transepithelial electrical resistance (<i>p</i> < 0.01) in TNF-α-challenged Caco-2/TC-7 cells, and repressed the production of inflammatory cytokines (<i>p</i> < 0.05) in LPS-stimulated macrophages. In summary, this work demonstrates that OBE attenuates the suppressing effect of SCI on animal growth through a mechanism that appears to involve improvements in intestinal integrity unrelated to alterations in gut microbial ecology and function.</p></div

Concentrations of permeability markers (A-C) in plasma and relative concentrations of CDH1; (D), OCLN (E), and ZO-1 (F) in the ileal mucosa of pigs challenged chronically with LPS and fed an Olive-oil Bioactive Extract (OBE).

<p>Piglets were fed a standard diet either untreated (C-, C+) or supplemented with an olive-oil extract (OBE; 500 mg/kg diet). On d 20, 23, 26 and 29, OBE and positive control (C+) pigs received <i>E</i>.<i>coli</i>-derived LPS injections at increasing doses (60, 66, 72 and 78 μg/kg). Negative control animals (C-) were injected with saline. Plasma samples were collected <i>via</i> jugular venipuncture 1 h after intragastric infusion of the marker solution containing 0.15 g mannitol/kg BW and 0.1 g cobalt-EDTA/kg BW. Mucosa samples were collected 3 h after final LPS administration and mRNA levels of junctional proteins were measured <i>via</i> qRT-PCR. Bars are least squares means ± SEM (n = 9–11). Different letters indicate significant differences among groups (<i>p</i> < 0.05).</p

Relative concentrations of IL1B (A), TNF-α (B), and iNOS (C) mRNA in ileal mucosa of pigs challenged chronically with LPS and fed an Olive-oil Bioactive Extract (OBE).

<p>Piglets were fed a commercial diet either untreated (C-, C+) or supplemented with an olive-oil extract (OBE; 500 mg/kg diet). On d 20, 23, 26 and 29, OBE and positive control (C+) pigs received <i>E</i>.<i>coli</i>-derived LPS injections at increasing doses (60, 66, 72 and 78 μg/kg). Negative control animals (C-) were injected with saline. Mucosa samples were collected 3 h after final LPS administration and mRNA levels of the abovementioned markers were measured <i>via</i> qRT-PCR. Bars are means ± SEM (n = 9–10).</p

Gut microbial composition and predicted functions in pigs chronically challenged with LPS and fed an Olive-oil Bioactive Extract (OBE).

<p>(A) Percent reads at the phylum level in colonic contents resulting from the 16S rRNA gene sequencing analysis. (B) Diversity of colonic microbiota within groups of pigs (alpha diversity; C- vs. C+ <i>p</i> < 0.12, C- vs. OBE <i>p</i> < 1.0, C+ vs. OBE <i>p</i> < 1.0). (C) Linear discriminant analysis (LDA) scores for microbial functions predicted by PICRUSt (α = 0.05, LDA score > 3.0). Piglets were fed a standard diet either untreated (C-, C+) or supplemented with an olive-oil extract (OBE; 500 mg/kg diet). On d 20, 23, 26 and 29, OBE and positive control (C+) pigs received <i>E</i>.<i>coli</i>-derived LPS injections at increasing doses (60, 66, 72 and 78 μg/kg). Negative control animals (C-) were injected with saline. Samples of colonic content were collected 3 h after final LPS administration and analyzed <i>via</i> massive sequencing of the V1-V2 hypervariable regions of the 16S rRNA gene (n = 9–11).</p

Supposed metabolic targets involved in OBE mediated effects.

<p>Repeated LPS injection stimulates the systemic secretion of pro-inflammatory IL1B and simultaneously suppresses feed intake and growth in challenged animals. OBE is capable of counteracting LPS stimulated IL1B secretion most likely through interaction with NF-κB signal cascade. OBE treatment further increases the concentration of junctional mRNA (OCLN, CDH1, ZO-1) and promotes TJ-functionality as indicated by decreased ion flux (TEER) and improved cobalt to mannitol ratio. Increased gene expression of junctional proteins as well as an improved TJ-functionality can be linked to enhanced gut integrity, further supporting animal growth and performance. Particular importance is devoted to the finding that the growth promoting effect of OBE is mediated independent of changes in gut microbial composition and diversity. Plain connections represent observed (solid) and supposed (interrupted) metabolic effects of chronic LPS challenge. Colour-filled arrows indicate effects of OBE treatment.</p

Ingredients and chemical composition of the experimental diet.

<p>Ingredients and chemical composition of the experimental diet.</p

Accumulated feed consumption (kg/pig) and body weight gain (kg) of pigs challenged chronically with LPS and fed an Olive-oil Bioactive Extract (OBE).

<p>(A) Feed consumption (kg/pig) of pigs chronically challenged with LPS and fed a commercial pre-starter diet untreated (C-, C+) or supplemented with an olive-oil extract (OBE; 500 mg/kg diet). On d 20, 23, 26 and 29, OBE and positive control (C+) pigs received <i>E</i>.<i>coli</i>-derived LPS injections at increasing doses (60, 66, 72 and 78 μg/kg). Negative control animals (C-) were injected with saline. (B) Body weight gain (kg) and (C) efficiency of feed conversion (kg of feed consumed/kg of BW gain during the experiment) of the pigs treated as described in A. Bars are least squares means ± SEM (n = 10–11). Different letters indicate significant differences among groups (<i>p</i> < 0.05).</p