Gross Domestic Capital Formation, Exports and Economic Growth

The paper analyzed the relationship between gross domestic capital formation, export and economic growth in Pakistan. Johnson's co-integration methodology is used in the study to analyzed the presence of a long term relationship between gross domestic capital formation, exports and the economic growth of Pakistan. The results showed that there is one co-integrated vector among exports, gross domestic capital formation and economic growth. Granger causality tests based on Error Correction Models have indicated that gross domestic capital formation and export influences the steady state level of GDP. Keywords: Gross domestic capital formation, export, co-integration, Pakista

Fallopian tube cyst: a rare complication of tubal sterilization

Tubal sterilization is one of the most commonly employed permanent method of contraception, although it is considered very safe, rarely a cyst may develop in the fallopian tube after sterilization which may undergo torsion resulting in patient presenting with acute abdomen. We are presenting a case of a middle aged women presenting to emergency room with severe lower abdominal pain, she had past history of tubal ligation done 12 years back. Pelvic ultrasound showed right sided ovarian cyst, emergency laparotomy was performed for suspected torsion of ovarian cyst, which revealed normal ovary, however a right sided fallopian tube cyst was present which had undergone torsion, right sided salpingectomy was performed and the patient was sent home in stable condition on the fourth postoperative day

True knot of umbilical cord: Case report and review of literat

True knot of umbilical cord (TKUC) is a rare abnormality. When it becomes tight, it may lead to the obstruction of the foetal circulation and intrauterine death (IUD). We present two cases of TKUC managed at The Aga Khan University Hospital with two extreme outcomes. A 22 years old primigravida was diagnosed with unexplained intrauterine foetal demise at 28th week gestation. She delivered vaginally after induction and tight TKUC was identified as a cause of IUD. The second patient delivered an alive healthy male baby vaginally who was found to have a lose TKUC

Farmer’s Literacy Rate as Key Driver in Food Production and Food Security: An Empirical Appraisal from Punjab, Pakistan

Farmer’s education in rural areas is an essential element to get better agricultural productivity (Mellor, 1976). The main purpose of the study is to examine that the literacy rate is key determinant in every aspect of agricultural production (food production). Either it is land, irrigation, livestock, agricultural credit or agricultural labor; literacy rate is serving as key driver in agricultural production as well as in food security. For this purpose cross-sectional data of Punjab province of Pakistan is used. Desired data were collected from Food Insecurity Report 2009 (SDPI, SDC and World Food Program 2009), Punjab Development Statistics (Government of Punjab 2009) and Punjab Agricultural Census Report 2010 (Government of Pakistan, 2012). OLS model was used to find out the results and the results show that the farmer’s literacy rate has positive and significance relationship with food security in both separate cases and overall contribution of all possible variables. Government should intervene in enhancing the educational programs for Farmers and play vital role in enhancing the farmer’s literacy rate

Risk Factors of Diarrhoea in Malnourished Children Under Age of 5 Years

Background: Acute infectious enteritis remains one of the commonest causes of death among infants and children in developing countries. Acute enteritis is defined as a loss of stool consistency with pasty or liquid stools, and/or an increase in stool frequency to more than three stools in 24 hours with or without fever or vomiting. Human survival depends on the secretion and reabsorption of fluid and electrolytes in the intestinal tract. The objective of the study is to evaluate the risk factors of diarrhoea in children under age of 5 years. Methodology: It was an observational study. Study was completed in about six months. Non-probability purposive sampling technique was used. In this study, 270 samples were taken from Diarrheal ward of The Children Hospital Lahore, Pakistan. Results: In this study, out of 270 patients, 58.52% were males and 41.48% were females. 90.37% patients were vaccinated. 54.81% had weaning history. 91.85% patients had feeding history. 29.26% had blood in stool. 96.67% patients were dehydrated. 95.56% patients had loose watery diarrhoea. 62.96% patients used boiled water. 58.52% patients consumed less than half litre of water, 30.00% patients consumed 1 litre of water and 11.48% patients consumed > 1 litre of water. 49.18% patients had proper hygiene. 38.15% mothers of patients were well educated. 40.37% patients had model household condition. 57.41% patients lived in rural area and 42.59% patients lived in urban area. Conclusion: The variation in the level of diarrheal morbidity was well explained by maternal education, income, personal hygiene, refuse disposal system and the effect of health extension programme

Maternal Care Disparities: Impact Of Pregnancy Profiles, Socioeconomic Factors, and Age on Maternal Outcomes

OBJECTIVES This study aimed to evaluate the impact of pregnancy profiles, socioeconomic factors, and age on maternal at teaching hospitals in Mardan, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa. METHODOLOGY This descriptive-exploratory/qualitative study was conducted at the genealogical outside-patient department of the Mardan Medical Complex, with the approval of the ethics committee. A total of 1187 patients attended the complex between January 2021 and January 2022. Informed consent was obtained, and a comprehensive history and physical examination were conducted using a pre-designed proforma. Patients meeting specific criteria, such as gestational age >36 weeks, singleton pregnancies, and absence of maternal co-morbidities, were included. Exclusion criteria encompassed conditions such as antepartum haemorrhage and fetal anomalies. Data analysis was performed using SPSS-24 version, ensuring the confidentiality and anonymity of participants. RESULTSOut % of 1187 patients, 48% had previous pregnancies (multiparous), while 52% were experiencing their first pregnancy (primiparous). Gestational age distribution showed that 45% of cases fell within the 36-38 week range, and 55% were between 39-40 weeks. Regarding booking status, 29% of patients were booked, while 71% were unbooked. Finally, the socioeconomic status analysis indicates that 61% of cases were above the poverty line, while 39% were below. These findings highlight important factors such as previous pregnancies, gestational age, booking status, and socioeconomic status that can influence maternal care and outcomes. Among the different age groups, the <20 age group had the highest percentage of spontaneous deliveries (31%), while the >30 age group had the highest percentage of cesarean sections (25%). Induced labour rates were relatively consistent across age groups. Not being in labour was more prevalent in the 25-30 and >30 age groups. CONCLUSION The findings highlight that important factors such as previous pregnancies, gestational age, booking status, and socioeconomic status can influence maternal care and outcomes

A Tale of Two Punjabs and CPEC

China-Pakistan Economic Corridor (CPEC) is a multi-dimensional development project that offers a unique opportunity to Pakistan for equitable and sustainable development. This study investigates the potential of selected districts of Punjab alongside CPEC routes, based on six social and economic indicators to assess whether these districts are on an equal footing to capitalize upon such a mega-investment project. Results indicate wide disparities between the selected districts in terms of infrastructure and human capital, which are not captured by conventional indices of development. While developed districts can provide the necessary kick-start to CPEC. For the second phase of CPEC, the Punjab government must devise tailormade policies to suit the resource endowments of less developed districts

Crystal structure of catena-poly[[tri-methyltin(IV)]-μ-2-(2-nitrophenyl)-acetato-κ2O:O′]

The authors acknowledge the provision of funds for the purchase of a diffractometer and encouragement by Dr Muhammad Akram Chaudhary, Vice Chancellor, University of Sargodha, Pakistan.Peer reviewedPublisher PD

3,4-Dimethyl-2-(2-oxo-2-phenyl­eth­yl)-2H,4H-pyrazolo­[4,3-c][1,2]benzothia­zine-5,5-dione

In the title mol­ecule, C19H17N3O3S, the heterocyclic thia­zine ring adopts a half-chair conformation with the S and N atoms displaced by 0.530 (5) and 0.229 (6) Å, respectively, on opposite sides of the mean plane formed by the remaining ring atoms. The ethanone group lies at an angle of 3.8 (3)° with respect to the benzene ring, which lies almost perendicular to the pyrazole ring, with a dihedral between the two planes of 89.22 (11)°. Weak inter­molecular C—H⋯O hydrogen-bonding inter­actions are present

Trade Liberalization and Economic Welfare: A Case of Pakistan

Trade liberalization has now become the main focus of the literature as it is considered as the contributor of economic growth and welfare. The previous literature showed an overall positive impact of trade liberalization on the economy except for few studies; recommend adopting trade liberalizing policies. Whereas in case of developing country like Pakistan, major part of the literature showed positive impact of trade liberalization on the economy. This study examines the impact and relationship of trade liberalization and economic welfare in case of Pakistan. The variables used in the study are; gross domestic product recorded in millions of rupees as a dependent variable, whereas balance of trade is taken as a proxy of trade liberalization as an independent variable along with foreign direct investment, worke