Domestic Water Utilization and Its Determinants in the Rural Areas of Oyo State, Nigeria Using Multivariate Analysis

Investigation into water utilization and its determinants in the rural areas is salient to a result-oriented management of this resource. Thus, a research was conducted to assess the pattern of domestic water uses and its determinant in the rural areas of Oyo State, Nigeria. A multistage sampling technique was applied to select 124 villages from 25 out of the 33 LGAs in Oyo State, Nigeria with 5 villages from each. Ten structured questionnaire were administered in each of the selected villages, giving a total of 1240 across the study area to generate data. The study revealed that water consumtion per head in the study area ranges between 15 litres/day in Shaki East and 31.7 litres/day in Oyo East LGA and that the dominant water consumption is absolutely domestic indicating that the study area is non-industrialized. Also, multivariate analysis conducted showed that 11 factors were determinants of domestic water consumption in the study area. These are water storage, cost of water, household size, water use for bathing, availability of alternative sources, location, reliability and accessibility of the source, distance, age of the respondent and gender composition. Multiple regression analysis of R2=35.0 for Oyo State indicated that each LGA should be treated individually when seeking solutions to water-related problems in the State. The study recommended detail survey on what determines water use in each LGA for a result-oriented water management. Effort is required of relevant agencies to embark on infrastructural and agricultural development in the area to boost water use

Temporal analysis of water balance in a Sahelian City: implication for water management

Water balance analysis is a valuable tool for assessing the general status of water resource availability and environmental comfort, particularly in the arid and the semi-arid regions. It also strengthens water management decision making. This research examines water balance in a Sahelian City (Niamey). Relevant meteorological and hydrology data of Niger Republic were captured. Descriptive and inferential statistics were used to analyze the data. Standard Deviation and Coefficient of Variation were employed to examine variation within the data set, Time Series to show a trend, and scattered plots for graphical presentation of results. Multiple Regression and Correlations adopted for relationships between variables and Warren and Lewis water balance equation for the water balance. The mean annual rainfall in Niamey was computed to be 516.38mm. The total annual water loss by evaporation was 3,906.5 mm. The result shows that the total annual water loss and mean annual runoffs were 3,906.5 mm and 11,600m2/sec respectively, the rainy season last for three months and dry season last for nine months. Variation of runoff in Niamey revealed that River Niger has two hydrological seasons of high water discharge from September to January and low water discharge between February and August. There is a positive linear correlation between evaporation and water balance on one hand and run off and water balance on the contrary. The study concludes that Niamey had water deficit and classified as drought-prone area. Therefore, there must be an effective and efficient water resource management to redress deteriorating hydrology condition in Niamey

Conflicts about water in Lake Chad: are environmental, vulnerability and security issues linked?

This paper builds on the growing literature that explores the relations between environmental change and non-traditional security, defined as non-military threats that challenge the survival and well-being of peoples and states. The Lake Chad basin in Africa is used as a case study for analysis. Focusing on a set of questions that has dominated recent theoretical debates, the paper investigates if conflicts resulting from water scarcity are as much about the broader vulnerability of the Lake Chad region as they are about changes in the Lake system and its environment. It argues that conflict is a probable outcome only in locations that are already challenged by a multitude of other context-specific factors beside resource scarcity. In the Lake Chad context, the likelihood of scarcity-driven conflict depends on whether vulnerability increases or decreases in the face of a declining water supply. The paper provides perspectives for a nuanced understanding of how the receding Lake Chad has led to conflict and outlines an integrated, forward-looking research agenda for linking environmental change, vulnerability and security issues in integrated human-environment systems

Assessment the flood hazard arising from land use change in a forested catchment in northern Iran

The provinces of northern Iran that border the Caspian Sea are forested and may be prone to increased risks of flooding due to deforestation and other land use changes, in addition to climate change effects. This research investigated changes in runoff from a small forested catchment in northern Iran for several land use change scenarios and the effects of higher rainfall and high antecedent soil moisture. Peak discharges and total runoff volumes from the catchment were estimated using the US Soil Conservation Service 'Curve Number' (SCS-CN) method and the SCS dimensionless unit hydrograph. This method was selected for reasons of data availability and operational simplicity for flood managers. A GIS was used to manipulate spatial data for use in the catchment runoff modelling. The results show that runoff is predicted to increase as a result of deforestation, which is dependent on the proportion of the catchment area affected. However, climate change presents a significant flood hazard even in the absence of deforestation. Other land use changes may reduce the peak discharges of all return period floods. Therefore a future ban on timber extraction, combined with agricultural utilisation of rangeland, could prove effective as 'nature-based' flood reduction measures throughout northern Iran

Lake drying and livelihood dynamics in Lake Chad: unravelling the mechanisms, contexts and responses

This article examines lake drying and livelihood dynamics in the context of multiple stressors through a case study of the ‘‘Small Lake Chad’’ in the Republic of Chad. Livelihoods research in regions experiencing persistent lake water fluctuations has largely focused on the wellbeing and security of lakeshore dwellers. Little is known about the mechanisms through which lake drying shapes livelihood drawbacks and opportunities, and whether locally evolved responses are enhancing livelihoods. Here we address these gaps using empirical, mixed-methods field research couched within the framework of livelihoods and human well-being contexts. The analysis demonstrates that limited opportunities outside agriculture, the influx of mixed ethnic migrants and the increasing spate of violence all enhance livelihood challenges. Livelihood opportunities centre on the renewal effects of seasonal flood pulses on lake waters and the learning opportunities triggered by past droughts. Although drying has spurred new adaptive behaviours predicated on seasonality, traditional predictive factors and the availability of assets, responses have remained largely reactive. The article points to where lake drying fits amongst changes in the wider socioeconomic landscape in which people live, and suggests that awareness of the particularities of the mechanisms that connect lake drying to livelihoods can offer insights into the ways local people might be assisted by governments and development actors

Mapping Groundwater Quality Parameters Using Geographic Information System (GIS) in Oyo State, Nigeria

The knowledge of spatial pattern of groundwater quality is important to ensure a holistic approach to the management of the resource quality status in space and time. Thus a sample each of underground water was collected from each of the selected 5 rural communities in each of the selected 25 out of the 33 LGAs in Oyo State for the purpose of quality assessments. Eleven (11) parameters namely water temperature (°C), pH, electrical conductivity (EC), Sodium (Na+), SO4, Potassium (K+), Nitrate (NO3), Phosphate (PO3), coli-form count, Oxidation Redox Potential (ORP) and Total Dissolved Solids (TDS) were subjected to standard laboratory analysis. The data was further subjected to analysis of variance and Duncan post-hoc test. ArcGIS version 10.1software was applied to generate maps to show the Duncan groupings of each of the quality parameters across the study area. Two (2) parameters namely pH and sulphate show homogenous distribution while the other nine (9) parameters are heterogeneous. Descriptive analysis showed that the groundwater in the study area is generally fit for human consumption. However, adequate attention needs to be given to temperature and potassium contents because they both slightly exceeded the standard required. The mapping affords spatial understanding of the distributional pattern of the parameters so that appropriate water quality management measure/s can be taken at a minimised cost to ensure appropriate levels of the parameter in the water to safeguard human health. Repeated investigation is required to determine the regularity or otherwise pattern of the water quality parameters

Spatio-temporal pattern of rainfall distribution over Ilorin metropolis, Nigeria

Rainfall varies over time and space and the study of its variability cannot be over emphasized. This paper examines spatio-temporal patterns of rainfall in Ilorin metropolis, Nigeria. 30 years data were collected in 3 locations [Nigeria Meteorological Agency (NIMET), Lower Niger River Basin Development Authority (LNRBDA) and Kwara State Water Corporation (KWWC)]. The analytical procedure includes trend analysis, reduction analysis, and ordinary kriging with Gaussian semivariogam model. The results showed that June and September recorded the highest amount of rainfall in Ilorin across three stations. An upward trend of rainfall of about 0.30mm, 0.40mm and 0.2mm respectively, were recorded in the 3 stations. The reduction pattern analysis revealed the variability and percentage change in the amount of rainfall received in Ilorin over the 30 years of study. Nine regional pattern were also revealed from the kriging analysis, and a variability of 50mm were recorded over the 12km2 sized metropolis. The south-western part of Ilorin recorded more rainfall than the other parts. It was concluded that spatial distribution of annual rainfall in Ilorin, varied from one part to the other. The increasing upward trend might increase water supply, increase chances of urban flooding, erosion and sedimentation. The paper recommends that wet season rainfall be properly managed to boost water supply in dry season.Key words: Rainfall, Variability, Spatio-temporal, Trend, Flood, Water supply, Krigin

Hydro-geomorphic Factors and the Potential of Hydrokinetic Power Production Upstream of Ikere Gorge Dam, Nigeria

The operation of hydrokinetic turbine depends on river flow and pressure head (∆H) which are of high potential in many parts of Nigeria. This study attempts the analysis of the potential of the area upstream of Ikere Gorge dam for hydrokinetic potential. Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) was used to determine the hydrological parameters of the sub-basins.  Pearson Moment Correlation and linear regression methods were used to find the relationships between morphometric properties and the discharge parameters. Hydrological modeling and statistical computations were done to estimate the theoretical potential of the catchment. The result shows that River Oshe has 9.542 MW, which is the highest potential while River Konsun with 1.161 MW has the lowest potential   Pearson Moment Correlation shows that there is strong positive relation of 0.7 between slope and pressure head (∆H) at 0.05 significant levels. The result of the multiple regression show that hydro-geomorphic factors explained 59.1% of the variance in the explanation of hydrokinetic power potential upstream of Ikere gorge dam. References Alaska Center for Energy and Power (ACEP) (2011). Hydrokinetic energy (In-River, Tidal and Ocean Current), Retrieved from http://energy-alaska.wikidot.com/ on April 20th, 2014 Aschenbrenner, F. (2008). Innovation on traditional waterwheels for renewable energy // Power electronics and motion Control conference, Portoroz, Slovenia, pp.1625 Bahleda, M., and Hosko, M. A. (2007). Assessment of water power potential and development Needs: Electric power research institute, California Bhattacharya, A.K., and Bolaji, G.A. (2012). Fluid Flow Interactions in Ogun River, International Journal of Research and Reviews in Applied Sciences, 2 (2): 22-23. Electric Power Research Institute, EPRI (2012). Fish passage through turbine: Application of convectional hydropower data to hydrokinetic technology Palo Alto, USA Energy Information Administration (2014). Retrieved on Dec. 20th, 2014 from www.eia.gov/electricity Epler, J. (2010). Tidal Resources characteristics from acoustics Doppler current profiler, An Unpublished M.Sc.Thesis, Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Washington, USA Evan, M. (2012). Hydrokinetic Power: An Analysis of Its Performance and Potential in the Roza and Kittas  Canals. An Unpublished M. Sc. Thesis, the Evergreen State College, USA Ifabiyi, I.P. and Wahab, S. (2017). Theoretical potential of hydrokinetic energy in the Upper   Ogun and Upper Kaduna River basins, Nigeria. Journal of Sustainable Development in Africa, 19 (1): 242-256. Clarion University of Pennsylvania, Clarion, USA. ISSN: 1520-5509. [email protected] Kosnik, L. (2008). The Potential of Water Power in the Fight against Global Warming in the USA, Energy policy, doi: 10.1016/ J. enpol. (05), 009. Kusakana, K., and Vermaak, H. J. (2013). Hydrokinetic Power Generation for Rural Electricity Supply:  Case of South Africa. Renewable Energy, 1 (55): 467-73. Ladokun, L.L., Ajao, K.R., and Sule, B.F. (2013). Hydrokinetic Energy Conversion System: Pros -pects and Challenges in Nigerian Hydrological setting, Nigerian Journal of Technology, 3 (32): 538-549. Miller, V.B, Ramde, E.W., Grandoville, R.T., and Schaefer, L.A. (2010). Hydrokinetic Power for Energy Access in Rural Ghana, Renewable Energy International Journal, 1(36): 671-675. Mohibullah, M., Radzi, A. M., and Hakim, M.I.A. (2004). Basics Design Aspects of Micro Hydropower Plant and Its Potential Development in Malaysia // Power and Energy Conference, Kualar Lumpur, pp. 220-223. Neitsch, S.L, Arnold, J.G., Kiniry, J.R and Williams, J.R. (2009). Soil and Water Assessment Tool Theoretical Documentation Version 2009 Grassland, Soil and Water Research Laboratory-Agriculture Research Service, Blackland Research Center- Texas Agrilife Research., USA. Ofuani, A.I. (2013). Combating climate change through renewable energy legislation in Nigeria: Prospects and Challenges. Paper Presented at university of Ilorin/ UCC (Ghana) International Conference held at university of Ilorin. May 1st-4th 2011.   Stephen, V.A, Paul, T.A., and Daniel, J.G. (2012). Survival and Behaviour of Fish interacting With Hydrokinetic Turbines, 9th ISE, Vienna, USA   Vermaak, H.J., Kusakana, K., and Koko, S.P. (2013). Status of Micro-hydrokinetic River Technology in Rural Applications: A Review of literature: Renewable and sustainable energy reviews, 29(14): 625-633. Wahab, S., Ifabiyi, I.P. and Adeogun, A.G. (20017). SWAT analysis of Ikere Gorge Basin for Hydrokinetic power estimation in selected rural settlement of Oke Ogun, Nigeria. Ruhuna Journal of Science. 8(2):24-43 Ruhuna, Faculty of Science, University of Ruhuna, Sri Lanka. eISSN: 2536-8400. DOI: http//:doi.org/10.4038/rjs.v8il.   Copyright (c) 2019 Geosfera Indonesia Journal and Department of Geography Education, University of Jember This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Share A like 4.0 International Licens

Assessing the geo-electric characteristics of Basement Complex rocks and its implication for groundwater prospecting in Ilorin Metropolis, Nigeria

In Basement Complex rocks where rainfall is seasonal, water provision in dry season depends on regolith aquifer. For effective exploitation of groundwater resources, it is reasonable that geophysical investigation be conducted before development of well. In many instances, geophysical surveys may be expensive or nonexistent. Hence, there is a need for spatial analysis which might advise water engineers within such environments. Vertical Electrical Soundings (VES) data of 53 locations conducted with ABEM SAS-1000 terrameter using Schlumberger electrode configuration were obtained from the hydrogeology Department of Kwara state Ministry of Water Resources and Lower Niger River Basin and Rural Development Authority, Ilorin. VES locational coordinates were recorded using handheld GPS device. Sound curves were evaluated by partial curve matching approach and computer iteration using WinResist. The results depict six geo-electric regional successions, namely: top soil, lateritic clay, weathered basement, fairly-hard basement, thin fractured and hard basement. The geo-electric succession identified was plotted in Surfer 12 environment, using kriging interpolation method to show spatial distribution pattern of this zone. The spatial pattern is expected to give an insight to the nature of spatial variability of geo-electric layers and assist drillers as well as water resources policy makers in their operations

Temporal Water Balance Analysis in Different Climatic Scenarios in Oyo State, Nigeria

The study was conducted to examine water availability in different climatic scenarios in Oyo State. The data used comprised of rainfall and temperature records. The spans of the data used vary from one station to the other: 38-year data for Ibadan and 37-year for Ogbomoso stations, both collected from NIMET Office, Ilorin while 11-year also collected from the Office of Oyo State Agricultural Development Programme (OYSADEP) Headquarters at Shaki were available for Shaki Station. Evapotranspiration data for the three stations were empirically generated while water balance model was computed using MATLAB R2007a version in order to determine the respective water availability and the regression analysis was used to determine rainfall trends. The results showed that rainfall amounts vary from year to year and also increasing trends in the three stations over the period examined. It was also discovered that in all the periods investigated across the stations, Ibadan has 81.58%, Shaki, 81.81% and Ogbomoso, 56.80% as wet years indicating that there is abundant water resources in Oyo State. It is recommended that strategies be put in place to exploit excess rainwater for various purposes especially by increasing the capacity of water reservoirs and dams across the State for development of pipe borne water network and also, for irrigation farming during dry spells. Further investigation is recommended on water balance and its implications for agricultural practice in the study area