On-column 2p bound state with topological charge \pm1 excited by an atomic-size vortex beam in an aberration-corrected scanning transmission electron microscope

Atomic-size vortex beams have great potential in probing materials' magnetic moment at atomic scales. However, the limited depth of field of vortex beams constrains the probing depth in which the helical phase front is preserved. On the other hand, electron channeling in crystals can counteract beam divergence and extend the vortex beam without disrupting its topological charge. Specifically, in this paper, we report atomic vortex beams with topological charge \pm1 can be coupled to the 2p columnar bound states and propagate for more 50 nm without being dispersed and losing its helical phase front. We gave numerical solutions to the 2p columnar orbitals and tabulated the characteristic size of the 2p states of two typical elements, Co and Dy, for various incident beam energies and various atomic densities. The tabulated numbers allow estimates of the optimal convergence angle for maximal coupling to 2p columnar orbital. We also have developed analytic formulae for beam energy, convergence-angle, and hologram dependent scaling for various characteristic sizes. These length scales are useful for the design of pitch-fork apertures and operations of microscopes in the vortex-beam imaging mode.Comment: 30 pages, 7 figures, Microscopy and Microanalysis, in pres

Crisis de la deuda en las empresas municipales de Cali y perspectivas

Emcali es una Empresa Industrial y Comercial del Estado, la principal entidad descentralizada del municipio de Cali; actualmente, y desde abril de 2000, se encuentra intervenida por la Superintendencia de Servicios Públicos Domiciliarios, por lo cual debe resolver antes de abril del año 2002 los problemas financieros que amenazan la viabilidad en su actividad económica, consistente en la prestación de los servicios de acueducto, alcantarillado, energía y telecomunicaciones.Empresas Públicas, Emcali, deuda