Proton polarizability contribution to the hydrogen hyperfine splitting

The contribution of the proton polarizability to the hydrogen hyperfine splitting is evaluated on the basis of modern experimental and theoretical results on the proton polarized structure functions. The value of this correction is equal to 1.4 ppm.Comment: 11 pages, LaTeX2.09, 7 figures, uses linedraw.sty, psfig.sty, epsf.st

Leading Chiral Logarithms to the Hyperfine Splitting of the Hydrogen and Muonic Hydrogen

We study the hydrogen and muonic hydrogen within an effective field theory framework. We perform the matching between heavy baryon effective theory coupled to photons and leptons and the relevant effective field theory at atomic scales. This matching can be performed in a perturbative expansion in alpha, 1/m_p and the chiral counting. We then compute the O(m_{l_i}^3 alpha^5/m_p^2 x logarithms) contribution (including the leading chiral logarithms) to the Hyperfine splitting and compare with experiment. They can explain about 2/3 of the difference between experiment and the pure QED prediction when setting the renormalization scale at the rho mass. We give an estimate of the matching coefficient of the spin-dependent proton-lepton operator in heavy baryon effective theory.Comment: 17 pages, LaTeX, minor changes, one reference adde

The influence of micrometastases on prognosis and survival in stage I-II colon cancer patients: the Enroute⊕ Study

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>The presence of lymph node metastases remains the most reliable prognostic predictor and the gold indicator for adjuvant treatment in colon cancer (CC). In spite of a potentially curative resection, 20 to 30% of CC patients testing negative for lymph node metastases (i.e. pN0) will subsequently develop locoregional and/or systemic metastases within 5 years. The presence of occult nodal isolated tumor cells (ITCs) and/or micrometastases (MMs) at the time of resection predisposes CC patients to high risk for disease recurrence. These pN0_micro+patients harbouring occult micrometastases may benefit from adjuvant treatment. The purpose of the present study is to delineate the subset of pN0 patients with micrometastases (pN0_micro+) and evaluate the benefits from adjuvant chemotherapy in pN0_micro+CC patients.</p> <p>Methods/design</p> <p>EnRoute+ is an open label, multicenter, randomized controlled clinical trial. All CC patients (age above 18 years) without synchronous locoregional lymph node and/or systemic metastases (clinical stage I-II disease) and operated upon with curative intent are eligible for inclusion. All resected specimens of patients are subject to an <it>ex vivo </it>sentinel lymph node mapping procedure (SLNM) following curative resection. The investigation for micrometastases in pN0 patients is done by extended serial sectioning and immunohistochemistry for pan-cytokeratin in sentinel lymph nodes which are tumour negative upon standard pathological examination. Patients with ITC/MM-positive sentinel lymph nodes (pN0_micro+) are randomized for adjuvant chemotherapy following the CAPOX treatment scheme or observation. The primary endpoint is 3-year disease free survival (DFS).</p> <p>Discussion</p> <p>The EnRoute+ study is designed to improve prognosis in high-risk stage I/II pN0 _micro+CC patients by reducing disease recurrence by adjuvant chemotherapy.</p> <p>Trial Registration</p> <p>ClinicalTrials.gov: <a href="http://www.clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT01097265">NCT01097265</a></p

Framing Young Children’s Humour and Practitioner Responses to it Using a Bakhtinian Carnivalesque Lens

This article presents findings from a pilot study offering an alternative framing of children's humour and laughter in an early childhood education setting. It employs a Bakhtinian carnivalesque lens to explore the nature of children's humour in an urban nursery, and investigate the framing of children's humour and laughter outside the popular paradigm of developmental psychology. In addition, it addresses the challenge that children's humour can present for early childhood practitioners, turning to Bakhtin's analysis of carnival to frame children's humour as carnivalesque. This conception is then offered as a part of a potential explanation for practitioners' occasional resistance to children's humour, proposing that dominating, authoritative discourses within early childhood education play a significant role in this. The article draws on a number of theorists, including Bakhtin more widely, to address reasons why humour is not valued pedagogically within the UK early childhood field, and suggests that further research in the area is imperative, in order that we gain a better understanding of the place and significance of children's humour within early childhood practice