Contamination of Sachet Water in Nigeria: Assessment and Health Impact

Adequate supply of fresh and clean drinking water is a basic need for all human beings. Water consumers are frequently unaware of the potential health risks associated with exposure to water borne contaminants which have often led to diseases like diarrhoea, cholera, dysentery, typhoid fever, legionnaire’s disease and parasitic diseases. The inadequacy of pipe borne water-supply in Nigeria is a growing problem; as a result people resort to buying water from vendors, and sachet or bottled water became a major source of drinking water. Although, portable and affordable, the problems of its purity and other health concerns have begun to manifest. Sachet water have been reported to contain bacteria such as Bacillus sp., Pseudomonas sp., Klebsiella sp., Streptococcus sp., and oocysts of Cryptosporidia sp. Apart from environmental contaminants, improper storage and handling by vendors also poses a serious threat to the health of the ignorant consumers. This paper tends to review the quality of these ‘pure water’; its physical examination, microbial assessments, its impacts on health, and the various strategies adopted by the concerned authorities to regulate this thriving industry

Cognitive Ant Colony Optimization : a new framework in swarm intelligence

Ant Colony Optimization (ACO) algorithms which belong to metaheuristic algorithms and swarm intelligence algorithms have been the focus of much attention in the quest to solve optimization problems. These algorithms are inspired by colonies of ants foraging for food from their nest and have been considered state-of-art methods for solving both discrete and continuous optimization problems. One of the most important phases of ACO algorithms is the construction phase during which an ant builds a partial solution and develops a state transition strategy. There have been a number of studies on the state transition strategy. However, most of the research studies look at how to improve pheromone updates rather than at how the ant itself makes a decision to move from a current position to the next position.The aim of this research is to develop a novel state transition strategy for Ant Colony Optimization algorithms that can improve the overall performance of the algorithms. The research has shown that the state transition strategy in ACO can be improved by introducing non-rational decision-making.The new proposed algorithm is called Cognitive Ant Colony Optimization and uses a new concept of decision-making taken from cognitive behaviour theory. In this proposed algorithm, the ACO has been endowed with non-rational behaviour in order to improve the overall optimization behaviour of ants during the process. This new behaviour will use a non-rational model named prospect theory (Kahneman & Tversky, 1979) to select the transition movements of the ants in the colony in order to improve the overall search capability and the convergence of the algorithm. The new Cognitive Ant Colony Optimization framework has been tested on the Travelling Salesman Problem (TSP), Water Distribution System and Continuous optimization problems. The results obtained show that our algorithm improved the performance of previous ACO techniques considerably

Community Genetics screening in a pandemic: solutions for pre-test education, informed consent, and specimen collection

A Community Genetics carrier screening program for the Jewish community has operated on-site in high schools in Sydney (Australia) for 25 years. During 2020, in response to the COVID-19 pandemic, government-mandated social-distancing, ‘lock-down’ public health orders, and laboratory supply-chain shortages prevented the usual operation and delivery of the annual testing program. We describe development of three responses to overcome these challenges: (1) pivoting to online education sufficient to ensure informed consent for both genetic and genomic testing; (2) development of contactless telehealth with remote training and supervision for collecting genetic samples using buccal swabs; and (3) a novel patient and specimen identification ‘GeneTrustee’ protocol enabling fully identified clinical-grade specimens to be collected and DNA extracted by a research laboratory while maintaining full participant confidentiality and privacy. These telehealth strategies for education, consent, specimen collection and sample processing enabled uninterrupted delivery and operation of complex genetic testing and screening programs even amid pandemic restrictions. These tools remain available for future operation and can be adapted to other programs

In vitro Assessment of Thermal Changes in Human Teeth during Photodynamic Antimicrobial Chemotherapy Performed with Red Light Sources

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)Photo-disinfection of deep dentin caries lesions may be a useful tool for preserving tooth structure. However, increase of pulpal temperature higher than 5.5 degrees C may put pulp vitality in danger. Objectives: This in vitro study evaluated thermal effects of radiation of the red spectrum (lambda = 600-700 nm, 94 J cm(-2)) on pulpal and periodontal areas when irradiating deep dentin cavities in human teeth. Methods: Tooth preparation was performed at occlusal surface in 10 human teeth, which were irradiated by five different light units, four diode GaAlAs lasers: Coherent (C); Kondortech (B); Whitening lase (W); and K5000 with 2 different tips (K1 and K2), as well as one light emitting diode Laserbeam (LED). After application of toluidine blue O dye in the cavity, variation of temperature was measured in duplicate using a digital thermometer and 2 K-type thermocouples one placed inside the pulpal chamber and the other on root surface at the cementoenamel junction, simultaneously. The mean average temperature rise (Delta T) was calculated for each group. Results: Delta T values were analyzed by ANOVA and Tukey tests. Pulpal temperature increase ranged from 0.62 +/- 0.51 to 1.25 +/- 0.50 degrees C. Group C presented the highest Delta T, which was statistically significant different from B, K1, and K2. The lowest Delta T value was found for group K2, which statistically differed from the group W. No other statistically significant difference was found. At the root surface, Delta T values were lower than 0.5 degrees C for all devices and no statistically significantly difference was found among them. Conclusion: With regard to thermal side effects, the use of these red light sources operating at 94 J cm(-2) may be considered harmless for dental tissues.20614751480Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)CNPq [620160/2006-3

Ethnopharmacological survey of Samburu district, Kenya

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>Ethnobotanical pharmacopoeia is confidently used in disease intervention and there is need for documentation and preservation of traditional medical knowledge to bolster the discovery of novel drugs. The objective of the present study was to document the indigenous medicinal plant utilization, management and their extinction threats in Samburu District, Kenya.</p> <p>Methods</p> <p>Field research was conducted in six divisions of Samburu District in Kenya. We randomly sampled 100 consented interviewees stratified by age, gender, occupation and level of education. We collected plant use data through semi-structured questionnaires; transect walks, oral interviews and focus groups discussions. Voucher specimens of all cited botanic species were collected and deposited at University of Nairobi's botany herbarium.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>Data on plant use from the informants yielded 990 citations on 56 medicinal plant species, which are used to treat 54 different animal and human diseases including; malaria, digestive disorders, respiratory syndromes and ectoparasites.</p> <p>Conclusion</p> <p>The ethnomedicinal use of plant species was documented in the study area for treatment of both human and veterinary diseases. The local population has high ethnobotanical knowledge and has adopted sound management conservation practices. The major threatening factors reported were anthropogenic and natural. Ethnomedical documentation and sustainable plant utilization can support drug discovery efforts in developing countries.</p

Prevalence of intestinal parasitic infections among HIV patients in Benin City, Nigeria

This study was carried out to determine the presence of intestinal parasites and their correlation with CD4+ T-cell counts and demographics among human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-positive patients in Benin City, Nigeria. Stool specimens from 2,000 HIV-positive patients and 500 controls (HIV-negative individuals) were examined for ova, cysts, or parasites, using standard procedures. In addition, patient's blood samples were analyzed for CD4 counts by flow cytometry. An overall prevalence rate of 15.3% was observed among HIV-positive patients while 6.2% was noted among non-HIV subjects. HIV status was a significant (P<0.0001) risk factor for acquiring intestinal parasitic infections. Male gender, CD4 count <200cell/µl, and diarrhea were significantly associated with an increased prevalence of intestinal parasitic infections among HIV-positive patients. The level of education, occupation, and source of water among HIV patients significantly (P<0.0001) affected the prevalence of intestinal parasitic infections. Ascaris lumbricoides was the most predominant parasite in both HIV-positive patients and controls. A CD4 count <200 cells/µl was significantly associated with only Isospora belli and Cryptosporidium infections. The presence of pathogenic intestinal parasites such as A. lumbricoides, hookworm, Giardia intestinalis, Entamoeba histolytica, Trichuris trichiura, and Taenia species among HIV-infected persons should not be neglected. Cryptosporidium species and I. belli were the opportunistic parasites observed in this study. Routine screening for intestinal parasites in HIV-positive patients is advocated

Combating Environmental Irresponsibility of TNCs in Africa: An Empirical Analysis

Environmental irresponsibility is one of the most prominent issues confronting host communities of transnational corporations (TNCs) engaged in the production of economic goods and, sometimes, services. Drawing mainly on stakeholder theory, combined with legitimacy theory, this article addresses how host communities in Africa combat the challenge of environmental irresponsibility of TNCs. To illustrate the dimensions and dynamics of the challenge, this paper examines the experience of despoliation of Ogoniland by the oil giant Shell in Nigeria. The analysis draws attention to the significance of the role of individuals and civil society groups in securing accountability of one of the most formidable fronts of economic globalisation. The analysis is particularly relevant to the experience of environmental irresponsibility in the context of weak governance structures