1,265 research outputs found
Sudden bilateral loss of vision in a 19-year-old man
Introduction: Posterior Reversible
Leukoencephalopathy Syndrome (PRES) is caused by
ischaemia commonly affecting the posterior cerebral
vasculature. It presents with sudden decreased vision,
headaches, nausea, vomiting, seizures, and altered
mental status.
Case presentation: A 19-year-old male presented to
the ophthalmic emergency complaining of sudden
bilateral loss of vision, which was down to light
perception He reported headaches, nausea, and
drowsiness since the previous day. He was a known case
of hypertension secondary to IgA nephropathy.
Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) with STIR and
FLAIR sequences showed foci of hyperintensity within
the occipital lobes bilaterally. This confirmed the
suspected diagnosis of PRES. Discussion: Aetiological factors of PRES include
sudden increase in blood pressure, eclampsia, porphyria,
renal disease, and Cushing syndrome. These lead to
blood-brain barrier injury either by hyper- or hypoperfusion,
endothelial dysfunction, changes in blood
vessel morphology, hypocapnea, or immune system
activation. Histopathological changes in PRES include
activated astrocytes, scattered macrophages and
lymphocytes, often in the absence of inflammation or
neuronal damage.
Conclusion: PRES is usually a reversible neuroophthalmological
condition, however prompt
recognition and appropriate management is important to
prevent permanent brain injury or even death.peer-reviewe
Industrial lab-on-a-chip: design, applications and scale-up for drug discovery and delivery
Microfluidics is an emerging and promising interdisciplinary technology which offers powerful platforms for precise production of novel functional materials (e.g., emulsion droplets, microcapsules, and nanoparticles as drug delivery vehicles- and drug molecules) as well as high-throughput analyses (e.g., bioassays, detection, and diagnostics). In particular, multiphase microfluidics is a rapidly growing technology and has beneficial applications in various fields including biomedicals, chemicals, and foods. In this review, we first describe the fundamentals and latest developments in multiphase microfluidics for producing biocompatible materials that are precisely controlled in size, shape, internal morphology and composition. We next describe some microfluidic applications that synthesize drug molecules, handle biological substances and biological units, and imitate biological organs. We also highlight and discuss design, applications and scale up of droplet- and flow-based microfluidic devices used for drug discovery and delivery. © 2013 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved
An Analysis of the Quantum Penny Flip Game using Geometric Algebra
We analyze the quantum penny flip game using geometric algebra and so
determine all possible unitary transformations which enable the player Q to
implement a winning strategy. Geometric algebra provides a clear visual picture
of the quantum game and its strategies, as well as providing a simple and
direct derivation of the winning transformation, which we demonstrate can be
parametrized by two angles. For comparison we derive the same general winning
strategy by conventional means using density matrices.Comment: 8 Pages, 1 Figure, accepted for publication in the Journal of
Physical Society of Japa
Kidney regeneration: common themes from the embryo to the adult
The vertebrate kidney has an inherent ability to regenerate following acute damage. Successful regeneration of the injured kidney requires the rapid replacement of damaged tubular epithelial cells and reconstitution of normal tubular function. Identifying the cells that participate in the regeneration process as well as the molecular mechanisms involved may reveal therapeutic targets for the treatment of kidney disease. Renal regeneration is associated with the expression of genetic pathways that are necessary for kidney organogenesis, suggesting that the regenerating tubular epithelium may be âreprogrammedâ to a less-differentiated, progenitor state. This review will highlight data from various vertebrate models supporting the hypothesis that nephrogenic genes are reactivated as part of the process of kidney regeneration following acute kidney injury (AKI). Emphasis will be placed on the reactivation of developmental pathways and how our understanding of the resulting regeneration process may be enhanced by lessons learned in the embryonic kidney.Fil: Cirio, Maria Cecilia. University of Pittsburgh; Estados Unidos. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones CientĂficas y TĂ©cnicas; ArgentinaFil: de Groh, Eric D.. University of Pittsburgh; Estados UnidosFil: de Caestecker, Mark P.. Vanderbilt University; Estados UnidosFil: Davidson, Alan J.. The University of Auckland; Nueva ZelandaFil: Hukriede, Neil A.. University of Pittsburgh; Estados Unido
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