How will climate change pathways and mitigation options alter incidence of vector-borne diseases? A framework for leishmaniasis in South and Meso-America

The enormous global burden of vector-borne diseases disproportionately affects poor people in tropical, developing countries. Changes in vector-borne disease impacts are often linked to human modification of ecosystems as well as climate change. For tropical ecosystems, the health impacts of future environmental and developmental policy depend on how vector-borne disease risks trade off against other ecosystem services across heterogeneous landscapes. By linking future socio-economic and climate change pathways to dynamic land use models, this study is amongst the first to analyse and project impacts of both land use and climate change on continental-scale patterns in vector-borne diseases. Models were developed for cutaneous and visceral leishmaniasis in the Americas—ecologically complex sand fly borne infections linked to tropical forests and diverse wild and domestic mammal hosts. Both diseases were hypothesised to increase with available interface habitat between forest and agricultural or domestic habitats and with mammal biodiversity. However, landscape edge metrics were not important as predictors of leishmaniasis. Models including mammal richness were similar in accuracy and predicted disease extent to models containing only climate and land use predictors. Overall, climatic factors explained 80% and land use factors only 20% of the variance in past disease patterns. Both diseases, but especially cutaneous leishmaniasis, were associated with low seasonality in temperature and precipitation. Since such seasonality increases under future climate change, particularly under strong climate forcing, both diseases were predicted to contract in geographical extent to 2050, with cutaneous leishmaniasis contracting by between 35% and 50%. Whilst visceral leishmaniasis contracted slightly more under strong than weak management for carbon, biodiversity and ecosystem services, future cutaneous leishmaniasis extent was relatively insensitive to future alternative socio-economic pathways. Models parameterised at narrower geographical scales may be more sensitive to land use pattern and project more substantial changes in disease extent under future alternative socio-economic pathways

Lygistorrhina (Probolaeus) alexi Huerta & Ibanez-Bernal, sp. nov.

Lygistorrhina (Probolaeus) alexi Huerta & Ibáñez-Bernal sp. nov. (Figs. 2–12) Type material. Holotype male. Labeled: Mexico, Yucatan, Reserva de Ría Lagartos, Km 10 Carretera Ría Lagartos-Las Coloradas, Peten Tucha, (21 º 35 ’ 46 ” N, 88 º08’ 47 ” W), 4–5.IV. 1997, Malaise trap, IBS, MMCL, HH, MSP cols. (Specimen dissected and mounted on microscopic slide, deposited in CAIM). Paratypes: 9 males, 1 female; 3 males with same data than holotype (two specimens deposited in IEXA, one in CAIM); 1 female: Mexico, Yucatan, Municipio Tizimin, 1 km al este de la Estación Biológica “El Cuyo”, Duna Costera (21 º 30 ’ 45 ” N, 87 º 40 ’ 33 ” W), Malaise trap, 4.IV. 1997, IBS, MMCL, HH, MSP cols. (deposited in CAIM). 6 males: Mexico, Yucatan, Reserva de Celestún, Rancho Loma Bonita, Km 15, Carretera Celestun-Kinchil, Selva baja (20 º 50 ’ 56 ” N; 90 º 15 ’ 40 ” W), 25–26.III. 1996, Malaise trap, HH, NCC, PRR cols., 3 specimens in CAIM, and 3 specimens deposited in IEXA. (Two specimens dissected and mounted on microscopic slide, and other specimens preserved in 70 % ethanol). Diagnosis. Abdomen of male with basal pale yellow bands on tergites 1–5, last two segments and genitalia dark brown; antennae pale brown; flagellum length 0.74; fore coxa pale yellow, mid and hind coxae reddish brown; hind femur pale yellow with apical 0.40 reddish brown; wing length 2.5; aedeagal complex membranous with distal portion pointed laterally and medially rounded, parameres with pointed tip. Description. Male. General body coloration reddish brown, length ca. 5.0; head dichoptic, eye facets of equal size and with interfacetal pubescence. Median ocellus present. Proboscis longer than hind femur. Palpus length 1.1, as long as labellum. Antennae (Fig. 5) length 0.88, about 1.5 X the head height, with 14 flagellomeres, all uniformly pale brown, each flagellomere longer than wide and with distinct reticulation, and scattered seta-like sensilla; flagellum length 0.74, last flagellomere length 0.073. Thorax (Fig. 7) reddish brown, scutum slightly convex, sparsely covered with short setae; scutellum with 8 setae; mediotergite bare; supra-alar and notopleural setae 6–8; anterior pronotum and episternum setose; anepisternum bare; katepisternum with ventral margin evenly curved; laterotergite lobulate posteroventrally, and with 21–22 setae; metepisternum with membranous aspect, delimited by a sclerotized line. Fore coxa pale yellow, mid and hind coxae reddish brown, length 0.65, 0.52, and 0.41, respectively; all coxae with sparse setae; fore and midleg femora and tibiae pale yellow; hind femur (Fig. 8) pale yellow, apical 0.40 reddish brown, length 1.48; hind tibia pale yellow with apical 0.25 reddish brown, length 2.07; femur/tibia proportion: 0.7; tarsomeres brown, length I–V: 1.16, 0.51, 0.38, 0.29, 0.23; tibial spurs formula 1: 1: 2; hind tibial spurs subequal, microtrichose, inner spur 1.5 X the length of outer spur; tibial setulae in palisade rows; tarsal claws (Fig. 9) of fore and mid legs curved, with diminutive basal projection, sharply curved with strong arched tip; hind claws length 0.04, slightly curved at apex, with sharp tip; empodia present. Wing (Figs. 3, 4, 6) length 2.5, width 1.10; wing membrane densely covered with microtrichia on whole surface; wing infuscate at apex, darker spot situated at the union of R 5 with C, continuing as a faintly infuscation toward vein M 1 and reaching the terminal portion of M 2; Sc joining C, h not oblique; R 1 long and setose, length ca. 0.46 X the length of wing; R 5 setose except at base; C ending between apices of R 5 and M 1; Rs absent; only apical third of veins M 1 and M 2 present, length of M 1 0.89, M 2 0.79; CuA 1 and CuA 2 not connected in distal fork, CuA 1 length 0.82; CuA 2 straight but somewhat curved at the level where CuA 1 begins; CuP very close and parallel to stem of CuA 2; anal lobe well developed. Halter white. Abdomen with basal pale yellow bands on tergites 1–5, more evident on tergites 2–4; last two segments and genitalia dark brown; abdomen length ca. 3.0, length of abdomen in relation to wing length 0.75; sternite 8 rounded at apex. Genitalia (Fig. 10): tergite 9 longer than wide, length 0.24, with the posterior margin rounded and provided with a patch of thickened setae, apodeme long; gonocoxite stout, 1.5 X as long as broad; gonostylus with a basolateral apophysis, a basomesal impression, long setae at base, and a tooth and numerous setae at apex, length 0.18. Aedeagal complex membranous, length 0.11, width 0.10, distal portion pointed laterally, medially rounded (Fig. 11); parameres curved, slender with pointed tip. Cercus setose. Female. Similar to male, but differs as follows: Body length ca. 3.0; flagellum length 0.59 (Fig. 5); wing length 2.43; width 0.92 (Fig. 2); abdomen dark brown; sphermathecae (Fig. 12) oval, slightly different in size, the larger one length 0.070, width 0.058, the smaller length 0.068, width 0.058. Comments. In the Americas the known species with wing infuscations are Lygistorrhina cerqueirai Lane 1958 from Brazil, Lygistorrhina sp. of Grimaldi and Blagoderov (2001) from Costa Rica, and now L. alexi and L. borkenti from Mexico. All of these species have similar characteristic of the wing maculation, however, in the original description of L. urichi Edwards 1912, and L. brasiliensis Edwards 1932, it is mentioned that the wing presents a dark cloud at the tip or it is very faintly indicated. Thompson (1975), Grimaldi & Blagoderov (2001), and Hippa et al. (2005), indicated these species without a dark spot. Lygistorrhina alexi sp. nov. differs from previously described species by the following characteristics: abdomen with basal pale bands on tergites 1–5 and the last two segments and genitalia dark brown; hind femur with apical 0.40 reddish brown, and male with the paramere slender and pointed apex, although for many species this characteristic they are not described. The wing of the Costa Rican species mentioned by Grimaldi & Blagoderov (2001) is smaller than in L. alexi and does not have an aggregation of thickened setae at the apex of male tergite 9. The differences between L. alexi and L. borkenti are the wing infuscation at apex, color of the hind femur, abdominal segment coloration, and aedeagus morphology. Another similar species is L. urichi, but it has the antennae black, thorax uniformly shining black, fore coxa with the base fuscous and the apex yellowish, halter yellow, and abdomen with apical pale yellow bands. Distribution. This species is known only from the Biosphere Special Reserves of Ría Lagartos and Ría Celestún, Yucatan, Mexico. All specimens were collected by means of Malaise traps in a typical Yucatan floristic association known as Peten (Flores & Espejel 1994), which is a differentiated aggregation of trees, shrubs and herbs growing around sites in which the karstic ceiling falls, leaving bodies of subterranean water exposed known as “Cenotes”. Etymology. This species is named in memory of our friend and colleague, the late Alejandro Pérez García (Alex, as we called him familiarly) (1968–2005), who began to prepare specimens of Mycetophilidae and Bibionidae in the CAIM collection.Published as part of Huerta, Heron & Ibañez-Bernal, Sergio, 2008, The family Lygistorrhinidae (Diptera: Sciaroidea) in Mexico and the description of two new species, pp. 44-52 in Zootaxa 1808 on pages 45-49, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.18275

Lygistorrhina (Probolaeus) borkenti Huerta & Ibanez-Bernal, sp. nov.

Lygistorrhina (Probolaeus) borkenti Huerta & Ibáñez-Bernal sp. nov. (Figs. 13–19) Type material. Holotype male. Labeled: Mexico, Parque Nacional “Lagunas de Zempoala”, límite Morelos, 14.VII. 1990, aerial net, Ibáñez-Bernal S., col. (Specimen dissected and mounted on microscopic slide, deposited in CAIM). Paratypes: 4 males: Same data as holotype (2 specimens deposited in CAIM, 2 specimens deposited in IEXA). (One specimen dissected and mounted on microscopic slide, the other three pinned). Diagnosis. Abdomen of male with basal pale yellow bands on tergites 2–4, tergites 1 and 5–7 dark brown; antennae dark; flagellum length 1.10; coxae dark; hind femur with basal half pale yellow, apical half dark brown; hind tibia basal half pale yellow, apical half dark brown; wing length 3.84; aedeagal complex membranous and rounded. Description. Male. General body coloration dark, length ca. 5.0; head dichoptic, eye facets of equal size and with interfacetal pubescence. Median ocellus present. Proboscis longer than hind femur. Palpus length ca. 1.76, as long as labellum. Antennae dark, length 1.2, or 1.3 X the head height, with 14 unicolorous flagellomeres, each longer than wide and with distinct reticulations, and scattered seta-like sensilla, flagellum length 1.10; apical flagellomere length 0.13. Thorax (Fig. 13) dark, scutum slightly convex, sparsely covered with short setae; scutellum with 8 setae; mediotergite bare; supra-alar and notopleural setae 10–12; anterior pronotum and episternum setose; anepisternum bare; katepisternum with ventral margin slightly curved, laterotergite lobe-like posteroventrally with 17 setae; metepisternum with membranous aspect, delimited by a sclerotized line. All coxae dark with sparse setae; length 0.78, 0.64, and 0.50, respectively; fore and midleg femora and tibiae pale yellow, but femora very faint pigmented sub-basally; hind femur (Fig. 16) with basal half pale yellow, apical half dark brown, length 1.8; hind tibia with basal half pale yellow, and apical half dark brown, length 2.72; femur/tibia proportion: 0.6; tarsomeres brown, length I–V: 1.46, 0.69, 0.51, 0.38, 0.25; tibial spurs formula 1: 1: 2; hind tibial spurs microtrichose, subequal in size, inner spur 1.4 X the size of outer; tibial setulae in palisade rows; tarsal claws of fore and mid legs curved, with diminutive projection basally, sharply curved with tip arched; hind tarsal claws length 0.012, slightly curved at apex, with sharp tip; empodia present. Wing (Figs. 14, 15) length 3.84, width 1.48; membrane densely covered with microtrichiae on whole surface, with apical darker spot situated at junction of veins R 5 and C; Sc joining C, h not oblique; R 1 setose, as long as ca. 0.46 X the length of wing; R 5 setose except the basal portion; C ending midway between apices of R 5 and M 1; Rs absent; only apical third of veins M 1 and M 2 present; length of M 1 1.4, M 2 1.3; CuA 1 and CuA 2 not connected in distal fork, length of CuA 1 1.2; CuA 2 straight but somewhat curved at the level where CuA 1 begins; CuP very close and parallel to stem of CuA 2; anal lobe well developed. Halter yellow. Abdomen with basal pale yellow bands on tergites 2–4, tergites 1 and 5–7 and genitalia dark brown; abdomen length ca. 4.8, length of abdomen in relation to wing 0.85; sternite 8 rounded at apex. Genitalia as in Figs. 17; and 18; tergite 9 length 0.29, longer than wide, with rounded apical margin provided of aggregation of thickened setae, with long apodeme; gonocoxite stout, 1.5 X longer than broad; gonostylus with basolateral apophysis, a basomesal impression and a long seta at base and in the middle, with an apical tooth and dense setae (Fig. 17); length 0.22; aedeagal complex membranous and rounded, with apparent lateral parameres, slightly more sclerotized that the body of the aedeagus; medial portion with hyaline projections; distal portion rounded; length 0.12, width 0.10 (Fig. 19). Cercus setose. Female. Unknown. Comments. A species with apical darker spot of the wing, that is distinguished from all other New World species by the following combination of characters: antennae dark; hind femur with broad patch of dark pigment covering half of the segment; abdomen with basal pale yellow bands on tergites 2–4, tergites 1 and 5–7 dark brown and wing length 3.84. The specific aedeagus characteristics were not adequately described for the eight named New World species. Papp (2005) commented that the male genitalia characteristics are important in taxonomy. Distribution. Lygistorrhina borkenti is known only from the National Park “Lagunas de Zempoala”. In this place the altitude varies between 1,250 and 3,450 meters above sea level, and has several types of vegetation, the most representatives being Pinus, Abies and Quercus forests. Specimens were collected with an aerial net at the lake margin. Etymology. This species is named in honor of Dr. Art Borkent (Research Associate of the Royal British Columbia Museum, American Museum of Natural History and Instituto Nacional de Biodiversidad) for his important contributions to the knowledge of world Ceratopogonidae (Diptera).Published as part of Huerta, Heron & Ibañez-Bernal, Sergio, 2008, The family Lygistorrhinidae (Diptera: Sciaroidea) in Mexico and the description of two new species, pp. 44-52 in Zootaxa 1808 on pages 49-51, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.18275

Lygistorrhina

Lygistorrhina (Lygistorrhina) sp. Material studied: 1 female. MEXICO, Hidalgo, Tlanchinol, cloud forest, Km 4 Carretera Tlanchinol-Apantlazol, 29 Sept– 2 Oct., 1997, Malaise Trap, Cols. Blackaller J., Salceda B., and Perez A. (20 º 59 ’ 849 ’’ N; 98 º 37 ’ 538 ’’ W; elevation: 1465 m). Female. Total length ca. 4.0. Head: antennae dark brown, with 14 unicolorous flagellomeres. Thorax dark brown; coxae dark brown; fore and midleg femora and tibiae pale yellow; hind femur pale yellow at basal 0.33, the rest reddish brown; hind tibia dark brown; tibial spurs formula 1: 2: 2. Wing without apical dark spot; length ca. 2.5; Sc ending free. Halter white. Abdomen dark brown, without pale yellow bands. Comments. This female differs by their several characters from the two previously described species. The male was not captured so it is impossible to adequately describe this species. This is the first report of a member of the subgenus Lygistorrhina in North America.Published as part of Huerta, Heron & Ibañez-Bernal, Sergio, 2008, The family Lygistorrhinidae (Diptera: Sciaroidea) in Mexico and the description of two new species, pp. 44-52 in Zootaxa 1808 on page 51, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.18275

Phlébotomes du Nicaragua. 3. Une nouvelle espèce du genre Lutzomyia França, 1924 (Diptera, Psychodidae)

Phlebotomine sand flies of Nicaragua. 3. A new species of the genus Lutzomyia França, 1924 (Diptera, Psychodidae). Both sexes of Lutzomyia (Tricholateralis) maesi n. sp., from Matagalpa department, are described and illustrated ; this species is closely related with Lu. diabolica (Hall, 1936). We also add the first record of Dampfomyia anthophora (Addis, 1945) for Nicaragua, on the dry Pacific coast.Lutzomyia (Tricholateralis) maesi n. sp., espèce récoltée dans une région forestière accidentée du département de Matagalpa, et proche de Lu. diabolica (Hall, 1936), est décrite sur la base des deux sexes. Première mention est faite, pour le Nicaragua, de la présence de Dampfomyia anthophora (Addis, 1945) sur la côte Pacifique.Le Pont François, Ibañez-Bernal Sergio, Fuentes Camilo. Phlébotomes du Nicaragua. 3. Une nouvelle espèce du genre Lutzomyia França, 1924 (Diptera, Psychodidae). In: Bulletin de la Société entomologique de France, volume 116 (3),2011. pp. 271-276

Phlébotomes du Nicaragua. 3. Une nouvelle espèce du genre Lutzomyia França, 1924 (Diptera, Psychodidae)

Phlebotomine sand flies of Nicaragua. 3. A new species of the genus Lutzomyia França, 1924 (Diptera, Psychodidae). Both sexes of Lutzomyia (Tricholateralis) maesi n. sp., from Matagalpa department, are described and illustrated ; this species is closely related with Lu. diabolica (Hall, 1936). We also add the first record of Dampfomyia anthophora (Addis, 1945) for Nicaragua, on the dry Pacific coast.Lutzomyia (Tricholateralis) maesi n. sp., espèce récoltée dans une région forestière accidentée du département de Matagalpa, et proche de Lu. diabolica (Hall, 1936), est décrite sur la base des deux sexes. Première mention est faite, pour le Nicaragua, de la présence de Dampfomyia anthophora (Addis, 1945) sur la côte Pacifique.Le Pont François, Ibañez-Bernal Sergio, Fuentes Camilo. Phlébotomes du Nicaragua. 3. Une nouvelle espèce du genre Lutzomyia França, 1924 (Diptera, Psychodidae). In: Bulletin de la Société entomologique de France, volume 116 (3),2011. pp. 271-276

Phlebotomine sand flies (Diptera: Psychodidae) of Chiapas collected near the Guatemala border, with additions to the fauna of Mexico and a new subgenus name

Collections from four localities, two of the High Plateau and two of the Eastern Mountains Municipality of Chiapas, near the border with Guatemala, included 26 species with four new species records for Mexico: Lutzomyia (Helcocyrtomyia) hartmanni (Fairchild & Hertig, 1957), Dampfomyia (Coromyia) disneyi (Williams, 1987), Psychodopygus bispinosus (Fairchild & Hertig, 1951), and Psychodopygus corossoniensis (LePont & Pajot, 1978). These records represent an updated total of 50 species in Mexico, 48 of which are extant species and the remaining two fossils. The name Xiphopsathyromyia n. n. is proposed in substitution of Xiphomyia Artemiev, 1991, a homonym of Xiphomyia Townsend, 1917, a genus of Tachinidae (Diptera).Fil: Ibañez Bernal, Sergio. Instituto de Ecología; MéxicoFil: Muñoz, José. Instituto Nacional de Salud Pública; MéxicoFil: Rebollar Téllez, Eduardo A.. Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León; MéxicoFil: Pech May, Angélica del Rosario. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Nordeste; Argentina. Ministerio de Salud. Instituto Nacional de Medicina Tropical; Argentina. Instituto Nacional de Salud Pública; MéxicoFil: Marina, Carlos F.. Instituto Nacional de Salud Pública; Méxic