ESTIMASI PARAMETER PADA SISTEM PERSAMAAN SIMULTAN DENGAN METODE LIMITED INFORMATION MAXIMUM LIKELIHOOD (LIML)

Pada sistem persamaan simultan, variabel tak bebas dalam satu persamaan dapat berperan sebagai variabel bebas dalam persamaan lain. Hal ini menyebabkan variabel bebas berkorelasi dengan galat, sehingga metode Kuadrat Terkecil Biasa tidak dapat diterapkan karena akan menghasilkan penaksir yang bias dan juga tidak konsisten. Sebelum melakukan estimasi, perlu dilakukan identifikasi kondisi order dan kondisi rank. Hasil identifikasi bisa berupa tidak teridentifikasi, tepat teridentifikasi, atau terlalu teridentifikasi. Ada dua pendekatan untuk mengestimasi parameter persamaan simultan, yaitu metode persamaan tunggal dan metode sistem. Salah satu metode persamaan tunggal adalah metode Limited Information Maximum Likelihood (LIML). Metode LIML dapat diterapkan pada persamaan yang terlalu teridentifikasi dengan mengasumsikan bahwa galat beridistribusi normal. Metode LIML ini menggunakan prinsip rasio varian terkecil, yaitu meminimumkan rasio antara varian dari persamaan struktural yang ke-i dengan varian dari persamaan struktural total. Oleh karena itu, metode LIML ini disebut juga dengan metode rasio varian terkecil atau Least Variance Ratio (LVR). Dari penerapan metode LIML pada model ekonomi makro sederhana dapat disimpulkan bahwa pada persamaan total konsumsi rumah tangga diperoleh intersep sebesar 221.6934267, koefisien pendapatan disposable rumah tangga sebesar -0.9373531 dan koefisien konsumsi rumah tangga pada satu tahun sebelumnya sebesar 1.999299781. Dari persamaan tersebut dapat diprediksikan bahwa nilai konsumsi rumah tangga untuk tahun 1995-2014 cenderung mengalami kenaikan. Sedangkan pada persamaan total investasi swasta domestik bruto diperoleh intersep sebesar 39.6676613, koefisien PDB sebesar 0.162134399 dan koefisien tingkat bunga pada satu tahun sebelumnya sebesar -5.502335042. Dari persamaan tersebut dapat diprediksikan bahwa nilai investasi swasta domestik bruto untuk tahun 1995-2014 cenderung mengalami kenaikan. Kata kunci : Persamaan simultan, Limited Information Maximum Likelihood, Least Variance Ratio, Overidentified

KERAGAMAN DAN KELIMPAHAN IKAN PADA TERUMBU KARANG DI PULAU SARAPPOLOMPO KABUPATEN PANGKEP

ABSTRAK\ud Nur Ipa (L 111 08 273) Keragaman dan Kelimpahan Ikan pada Terumbu Karang di Pulau Sarappolompo Kabupaten Pangkep. Di bawah bimbingan Andi Iqbal Burhanuddin (Pembimbing Utama) dan Aidah A. Ala Husain, (Pembimbing Anggota).\ud \ud Penelitan ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui tutupan karang, kelimpahan ikan, keragaman jenis, sebaran ukuran ikan dan indeks ekologi ikan karang di Pulau Sarappolompo. Lokasi yang dijadikan obyek penelitian adalah perairan Pulau Sarappolompo. Lokasi pengamatan terdiri dari tiga stasiun dengan dua kali ulangan. Pada masing-masing stasiun dipasang transek garis sepanjang 50 meter di atas terumbu karang, tegak lurus dengan garis pantai dimana metode yang di gunakan yaitu untuk kelimpahan ikan karang adalah UVC (Under Water Sensus) dan untuk tutupan karang menggunakan metode LIT.\ud Berdasarkan hasil penelitian didapatkan 16 famili 30 genus dan 40 spesies dengan total individu 389 ind/100m2. Kekayaan jenis ikan karang sangat terkait dengan keragaman variasi habitat karena semakin baik kondisi terumbu karang maka kelimpahan ikan semakin tinggi. Kondisi ikan karang di Pulau Sarappolompo secara umum memenuhi rasio atau proporsi jumlah individu antar kelompok (target, indikator, mayor) sebesar= 7 : 1 : 49. Komposisi jenis ikan berdasarkan perannya didominasi oleh ikan target jenis Caesio teres sebesar 5,76%, sedangkan untuk ikan mayor jenis Abudefduf sexfaciatus sebesar 27,76 dan ikan indikator jenis Chaetodon octofasciatus dan Chelmon rostratus ditemukan 0,62%. Nilai indeks keanekaragaman antara 2,54???2,99, indeks keseragaman antara 0,72???0,89 dan indeks dominansi antara 0,06???0,17

Resistance Detection of Aedes Aegypti Larvae to Cypermethrin From Endemic Area in Cimahi City West Java

Vector control programs using chemical insecticide e.g organochlorin, organophosphate, carbamate, and pyrethroid (cypermethrin). When those insecticides were applied continuously, it may lead to vector resistance. The aim of this research was to detect any resistance of Ae. aegypti to cypermethrin in endemic areas of Cimahi. This research is a laboratory study that used biochemical test which referred to Lee\u27s method. Larva samples were collected from 8 villages, which are endemic area. Samples of larvae were collected from 15 villages belonged to dengue endemic areas in town of Cimahi, however, villages that meet the availability of larvae were only 8 villages. To detect the activity of monooxygenase enzyme, a biochemical assay was used in this research by created a reaction between larvae homogenate and sodium acetate substrate. The results of reaction were read using ELISA reader with spectrophotometer wave length of 595 nm. Overall, the results showed that most of the larvae in eight villages of Cimahi is still susceptible to cypermethrin. However, larvae from Cibabat village were 4% resistant, 2% tolerant, and 94% susceptible. On the other hand, Cigugur village showed that 12.7% larvae were tolerant and 87.3% still susceptible. Other villages like Cimahi, Cibeureum, Melong, Baros, Cipageran, and Pasirkaliki still remains susceptible. Resistance detection using biochemical assay of cypermethrin insecticide for Ae.aegypti resulting data stated that in 6 villages were still susceptible but in 3 other villages were already tolerant and 1 village was already resistance

Gambaran Pengetahuan, Sikap Dan Tindakan Masyarakat Serta Hubungannya Dengan Kejadian Demam Berdarah Dengue Di Kecamatan Pangandaran Kabupaten Ciamis

. Ciamis district is dengue hemorrhagic fever (DHF) endemie area that significantly increased of number of cases on last three years period (2004-2006). This fact is areason to conduet research that aimed to know a description a society 's knowledge, attitude and practice (KAP) and also to know relationships between that one with the occurrences of DHF. The research was design ed using cross sectional study; 195 respondents was inter­viewed to know the level of society 's KAP. The final results of this research was showed that the respondent's KASP is good but does not give impact on occurrences of DHF cases be­cause its practice was not done yet by societies in control DHF disease

Penentuan Status Resistensi Aedes Aegypti Dengan Metode Susceptibility Di Kota Cimahi Terhadap Cypermethrin

Background: vector control of DBD usually doing by using insecticides, whether by government or insecticides used in household. Using to much insecticides for long time can caused resistence of mosquito. This research aim to know resistance status of Aedes aegypti from endemic rural in district Cimahi to cypermethrin (synthetic pyretroid). Methods: resistance status knowing by susceptibility methods (WHO standard) with usingimpregnated paper that containing cypermethrin 0,2% and 0,4%. Aedes aegypti spread by it for 15, 30, 45 and 60 minutes. Number of mortality count by percentage death mosquito in each time and each concentration of cypermethrin. Data interpreted by WHO standard, which percentage ofdeath mosquito <80% is resistance, between 80-98% is tolerance and 99-100% is susceptible. Result: Aedes aegypti from endemic rural in district Cimahi showed resistance of cypermethrin 0,2% and 0,4%. This result showed that all mosquito still alive after 15 minutes spreading bycypermethrin 0,2%, and only 6,7% mosquito death in cypermethrin 0,4%. After 30 minutes, death mosquito counted 46,7% in cypermethrin 0,2% and 73,3% in 0,4%. 46,7% mosquito was death in 45 and 60 minutes spreading by cypermethrin 0,2% and 73,3% in 0,4%. The resultshowed resistance ratio (RR50) of mosquito is 4,6.Conclution: Aedes aegypti from endemic rural in distric Cimahi showed a resistance to cypermethrin 0,2% and 0,4%

Penggunaan Kecombrang (Etlingera Elatior) sebagai Alternatif Pengganti Sabun dalam Perilaku Hidup Bersih dan Sehat Suku Baduy

Baduy is one of ethnic Indonesia's living on the slope of Kendeng's mountain, Lebak, Province of Banten.Lebak's Health Service Data in 2013 noted that Kampung Tangtu in Kanekes village is one of sac Yaws Disease, a tropical neglected disease and difficult to eradicated. Adherence to the indigenous traditions in Baduy Dalam about Clean and Healthy Behavior (PHBS) that do not accept modernization such as toothpaste, soap and shampoo, do not use the footwear are the risk factors to the incidence of Yaws inBaduy. This research was conducted to get an idea of the potential of culture-related health problems,including PHBS. This research used an ethnographic approach. The result showed Baduy's community particularly Baduy Dalam obedient to the Pikukuh and live in harmony with its natural surroundings. Kecombrang (Etlingera elatior) is a natural product with saponins which produce foam, is a plant that is used by Baduy Dalam to take a bath and brush teeth. Kecombrang grown in the forest and not yet cultivated. Conclude that Clean and Healthy Behavior particulary in bathing habits, Baduy Dalam used natural resource around them. In accordance with pikukuh, Baduy Dalam people's not allowed to use chemical soap because its violating the indigenous traditions. Kecombrang used by Baduy people's to take a bath, brush the teeth and washed but not yet used for hand washing. It is recommended that keep conducted intensively and continuously approach to the Baduy Dalam by inserting PHBS's messages while respecting the local wisdom. In addition, cultivation of kecombrang around Baduy Dalam need tobe considered

Status Resistensi Aedes Aegypti Dengan Metode Susceptibility Di Kota Cimahi Terhadap Cypermethrin

S: Vector control of dengue usually doing by using insecticides, whether by govern­ment or insecticides used in household. Using to much insecticides for long time can caused resistence of mosquito. This research aim to know resistance status of Aedes aegypti from endemic rural in district Cimahi to cypermethrin (synthetic pyretroid). Resistance status knowing by susceptibility methods (WHO standard) with using impregnated paper that con­taining cypermethrin 0.2% and OA%. Aedes aegypti spread by it for 15, 30, 45 and 60 minutes. Number of mortality count by percentage death mosquito in each time and each concentration of cypermethrin. Data interpreted by WHO standard, which percentage of death mosquito <80% is resistance, between 80-98% is tolerance and 99-100% is suscepti­ble. Aedes aegyptifrom endemic rural in district Cimahi showed resistance of cypermethrin 0.2% and OA%. This result showed that all mosquito still alive after 15 minutes spreading by cypermethrin 0.2%, and only 6.7% mosquito death in cypermethrin OA%. After 30 minutes, death mosquito counted 46.7% in cypermethrin 0.2% and 73.3% in OA%. 46.7% mosquito was death in 45 and 60 minutes spreading by cypermethrin 0.2% and 73.3% in OA%. The result showed resistance ratio (RR50) ofmosquito is 4.6. Aedes aegyptifrom en­demic rural in district Cimahi showed a resistance to cypermethrin 0.2% and OA%