Degradation of Toxic Indigo Carmine Dye by Electrosynthesized Ferrate (VI)

Response surface methodology was applied for optimizing indigo carmine (IC) dye removal by electrochemically produced ferrate (VI). Box-Behnken design was employed in this study, and design parameters were pH, Fe (VI) dose and initial dye concentration (Co). R2 and adjusted R2 values were very high that indicated very good accuracy for the employed model. Optimum operational conditions were: 4.08-7.69 for pH, 24-118.83 mg/L for Fe (VI) dose and 60.68-99.13 mg/L for complete removal of IC. Produced by electrochemical method Ferrate (VI) provides high effectiveness for IC dye-containing synthetic wastewater

ULF/ELF electromagnetic fields generated along the sea floor interface by a straight current source of infinite length

Propagation of ULF/ELF electromagnetic fields along the seafloor interface (assumed to be a plane boundary separating two semi-infinite conducting media) is considered. Earlier expressions for the electromagnetic fields generated by a straight current source of infinite length are applied to the sea/seabed interface. The field components are calculated numerically and are compared to the field components in seawater of infinite extent. At the seafloor boundary, the fields can propagate longer distances because of the lower seabed conductivities. The new horizontal component of the magnetic field generated as a result of the existence of the sea/seabed interface becomes larger than the vertical component of the magnetic field at large distances; it is also more sensitive to the conductivity of the seabed at low frequencies. The results indicate that there is an optimal frequency at which two of the field components have a maximum field intensity at a certain distance from the source. Some practical applications are discussed

ULF/ELF electromagnetic fields produced in a conducting medium of infinite extent by linear current sources of infinite length

A previous analysis of a linear current source of finite length embedded in a conducting medium of infinite extent is extended to linear current sources of (1) infinite length and (2) semi-infinite length. Electric and magnetic field expressions are derived, and the results are numerically evaluated for frequencies in the ULF/ELF bands. For convenience, some of the results are presented in a dimensionless form. A comparison is made between the electromagnetic fields produced by linear current sources of finite and infinite length, and it is shown that there is a relative enhancement in the electric field near the source of finite length. It is also found that an optimum frequency exists for the electric field produced by a linear current source of infinite length at which the field amplitude is a maximum at a fixed observation point. Some practical applications of our results are suggested

Seabed propagation of ULF/ELF electromagnetic fields from harmonic dipole sources located on the seafloor

The amplitudes of the quasi-static electromagnetic fields generated at points on the seafloor by harmonic dipole sources (vertically directed magnetic dipoles, horizontally directed magnetic dipoles, vertically directed electric dipoles, and horizontally directed electric dipoles) also located on the seafloor are computed using a numerical integration technique. The primary purpose of these computations is to obtain field amplitudes that can be used in undersea communication studies. An important secondary purpose is to examine the enhancements of the fields produced at moderate to large distances by the presence of the relatively less conducting seafloor, as compared with the fields produced at the same distances in a sea of infinite extent, for frequencies in the ULF/ELF bands (frequencies less than 3 kHz). These latter enhancements can be surprisingly large, with increases of 4 orders of magnitude or more being typical at distances of 20 seawater skin depths

Anthropogenic Space Weather

Anthropogenic effects on the space environment started in the late 19th century and reached their peak in the 1960s when high-altitude nuclear explosions were carried out by the USA and the Soviet Union. These explosions created artificial radiation belts near Earth that resulted in major damages to several satellites. Another, unexpected impact of the high-altitude nuclear tests was the electromagnetic pulse (EMP) that can have devastating effects over a large geographic area (as large as the continental United States). Other anthropogenic impacts on the space environment include chemical release ex- periments, high-frequency wave heating of the ionosphere and the interaction of VLF waves with the radiation belts. This paper reviews the fundamental physical process behind these phenomena and discusses the observations of their impacts.Comment: 71 pages, 35 figure

Diagnostic value of combined serum biomarkers for the evaluation of liver fibrosis in chronic hepatitis C infection: A multicenter, noninterventional, observational study

Background/Aims: The hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection is important cause of chronic hepatitis. Liver biopsy is considered the gold standard for assessment of fibrosis but this procedure is an invasive procedure. We aimed to evaluate the diagnostic efficiency of non-invasive serum biomarkers, separately and in combinations, on liver fibrosis in treatment-naive chronic hepatitis C (CHC) patients. Materials and Methods: Two hundred and sixteen treatment-naive CHC patients were enrolled from 32 locations across Turkey in this open-labelled, non-interventional prospective observational study. FibroTest®, aspartate aminotransferase-to-platelet ratio index(APRI), aspartate aminotransferase and alanine aminotransferase ratio (AAR), fibrosis index based on four factors (FIB-4), Age-platelet(AP) index and Forns index were measured and compared with Metavir scores got from liver biopsies. Results: Data from 182 patients with baseline liver biopsy were suitable for analysis. One hundred and twenty patients (65.9%) had F0-F1 fibrosis and 62 patients (34.1%) had F2-F4 fibrosis. APRI 0.732 area under the curve(AUC) indicated advanced fibrosis with 69% sensitivity and 77% specificity. FIB-4 0.732 AUC and FibroTest 0.715 AUC indicated advanced fibrosis with 69% and 78.4% sensitivity, and 75% and 71.4% specificity, respectively. The combined use of tests also led to an increase in AUC and specificity. Combinations of FibroTest with APRI and/or FIB-4, and FIB-4 with APRI were optimal for the evaluation of liver fibrosis. Conclusion: Fibrotest, FIB-4, APRI, AP index and Forns index exhibit good diagnostic performance for determining liver fibrosis in CHC patients, and the use of at least two tests together will increase their diagnostic value still further. © Copyright 2018 by The Turkish Society of Gastroenterology

Search for electromagnetic properties of the neutrinos at the LHC

Exclusive production of neutrinos via photon-photon fusion provides an excellent opportunity to probe electromagnetic properties of the neutrinos at the LHC. We explore the potential of processes pp-> p gamma gamma p -> p nu anti-nu p and pp -> p gamma gamma p -> p nu anti-nu Z p to probe neutrino-photon and neutrino-two photon couplings. We show that these reactions provide more than seven orders of magnitude improvement in neutrino-two photon couplings compared to LEP limits.Comment: 11 pages, 4 tables, New backgrounds have been adde