Diet with Concentrate Containing Durio zibethinus Murr Seed Meal: Nutrient Contents, Fatty Acid Profiles, In Vitro Characteristics, and Nutrient Digestibility in Dairy Cows

This research was to evaluate concentrate diet containing Durio zibethinus seed meal (DSM) on nutrient contents, fatty acid profiles, in vitro characteristics, and nutrients digestibility in dairy cows. The experiment was arranged in Latin Square 4 x 4 design with 4 lactating dairy cows in 4 periods in 2 weeks for each period. The treatments were diets with concentrate containing ratios of rice bran and DSM,  DC 35/12.5 (35% of Rice bran+ 12.5% of DSM), DC 27.5/20 (27.5% of Rice bran+ 20% of DSM), DC 20/27.5 (20% of Rice bran+ 27.5% of DSM) and DC 12.5/35 (12.5% of Rice bran+ 35% of DSM). Data were analyzed using analysis of variance (Anova), if any significant difference among treatment means were found, will be further analyzed using Duncan Multiple Range Test (DMRT). Results showed that 20% of  DSM supplemented in concentrate improved nutrient contents of crude protein, ether extract, medium chain fatty acid (MCFA), long chain fatty acid (LCFA), polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA), unsaturated fatty acid (UFA), and n6/n3. In vitro dry matter digestibility, organic matter digestibility, N-NH3, and total VFA were high in concentrate containing 35% DSM. However, in vivo digestibility evaluation showed nutrient intakes were no differences among treatments. Nutrient digestibility were found higher in diet with concentrate containing 27.5% of DSM. There were three different optimal levels could be suggested, 20% of DSM (for nutrient and fatty acid content), 27.5% of DSM (for nutrient digestibility), and 35% of DSM (for in vitro characteristics).  Supported by previous milk production, it was concluded that the 27.5% of DSM was suggested to be applied in concentrate for dairy cows

What works for whom in the management of diabetes in people living with dementia: a realist review

Background Dementia and diabetes mellitus are common long-term conditions and co-exist in a large number of older people. People living with dementia (PLWD) may be less able to manage their diabetes, putting them at increased risk of complications such as hypoglycaemia. The aim of this review was to identify key mechanisms within different interventions that are likely to improve diabetes outcomes in PLWD. Methods This is a realist review involving scoping of the literature and stakeholder interviews to develop theoretical explanations of how interventions might work, systematic searches of the evidence to test and develop the theories and their validation with a purposive sample of stakeholders. Twenty-six stakeholders — user/patient representatives, dementia care providers, clinicians specialising in diabetes or dementia and researchers — took part in interviews, and 24 participated in a consensus conference. Results We included 89 papers. Ten focused on PLWD and diabetes, and the remainder related to people with either dementia, diabetes or other long-term conditions. We identified six context-mechanism-outcome configurations which provide an explanatory account of how interventions might work to improve the management of diabetes in PLWD. This includes embedding positive attitudes towards PLWD, person-centred approaches to care planning, developing skills to provide tailored and flexible care, regular contact, family engagement and usability of assistive devices. An overarching contingency emerged concerning the synergy between an intervention strategy, the dementia trajectory and social and environmental factors, especially family involvement. Conclusions Evidence highlighted the need for personalised care, continuity and family-centred approaches, although there was limited evidence that this happens routinely. This review suggests there is a need for a flexible service model that prioritises quality of life, independence and patient and carer priorities. Future research on the management of diabetes in older people with complex health needs, including those with dementia, needs to look at how organisational structures and workforce development can be better aligned to their needs. Trial registration PROSPERO, CRD42015020625. Registered on 18 May 2015

Diet with Concentrate Containing Durio zibethinus Murr Seed Meal: Nutrient Contents, Fatty Acid Profiles, In Vitro Characteristics, and Nutrient Digestibility in Dairy Cows

This research was to evaluate concentrate diet containing Durio zibethinus seed meal (DSM) on nutrient contents, fatty acid profiles, in vitro characteristics, and nutrients digestibility in dairy cows. The experiment was arranged in Latin Square 4 x 4 design with 4 lactating dairy cows in 4 periods in 2 weeks for each period. The treatments were diets with concentrate containing ratios of rice bran and DSM,  DC 35/12.5 (35% of Rice bran+ 12.5% of DSM), DC 27.5/20 (27.5% of Rice bran+ 20% of DSM), DC 20/27.5 (20% of Rice bran+ 27.5% of DSM) and DC 12.5/35 (12.5% of Rice bran+ 35% of DSM). Data were analyzed using analysis of variance (Anova), if any significant difference among treatment means were found, will be further analyzed using Duncan Multiple Range Test (DMRT). Results showed that 20% of  DSM supplemented in concentrate improved nutrient contents of crude protein, ether extract, medium chain fatty acid (MCFA), long chain fatty acid (LCFA), polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA), unsaturated fatty acid (UFA), and n6/n3. In vitro dry matter digestibility, organic matter digestibility, N-NH3, and total VFA were high in concentrate containing 35% DSM. However, in vivo digestibility evaluation showed nutrient intakes were no differences among treatments. Nutrient digestibility were found higher in diet with concentrate containing 27.5% of DSM. There were three different optimal levels could be suggested, 20% of DSM (for nutrient and fatty acid content), 27.5% of DSM (for nutrient digestibility), and 35% of DSM (for in vitro characteristics).  Supported by previous milk production, it was concluded that the 27.5% of DSM was suggested to be applied in concentrate for dairy cows.</jats:p