Aprovechamiento de subproductos de la faena de aves. Curtido de pieles de pata de gallina = A profitable use of by-products of the poultry slaughter. The tanning of hen’s feet skins

El objetivo de este trabajo es lograr generar valor agregado a uno de los subproductos de la faena de aves, las patas de gallina. Se partió de pieles extraídas de patas de gallina a las que se les realizó un proceso de curtido para obtener un cuero caracterizado por su aspecto similar al de cueros exóticos, como los de reptil. Para facilitar su posible producción por medios artesanales, se diseñó un proceso más amigable con el medio ambiente, eliminando el uso de sulfuro de sodio en la etapa correspondiente al pelambre y encalado, seguido de un curtido libre de cromo basado en una combinación de taninos vegetales y recurtientes sintéticos. La confirmación del curtido de las pieles se realizó midiendo la temperatura de contracción de los cueros, cuyo valor fue de 80 ºC, superior al de las pieles crudas. Se evaluaron algunas propiedades físicas para caracterizar el producto y se obtuvieron valores de resistencia a la tracción de 0,65 kg/mm2 y de resistencia al desgarro de 2,10 kg/mm

Describing the process of creating an intellectual capital management framework: An interventionist case study

info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

Desenvolvimento de tuberculose latente durante e efeitos adversos da isoniazida o tratamento com biológicos para a Doença de Crohn

María Alejandra Arriola: Universidad de la República, Hospital de Clínicas, Clínica de Gastroenterología, Prof. Dr. Henry Cohen. Montevideo, Uruguay.-- Lucía Secondo: Universidad de la República, Hospital de Clínicas, Clínica de Gastroenterología, Prof. Dr. Henry Cohen. Montevideo, Uruguay.-- Karla Avendaño: Universidad de la República, Hospital de Clínicas, Clínica de Gastroenterología, Prof. Dr. Henry Cohen. Montevideo, Uruguay.-- Beatriz Iade: Universidad de la República, Hospital de Clínicas, Clínica de Gastroenterología, Prof. Dr. Henry Cohen. Montevideo, Uruguay.-- Contacto: María Alejandra Arriola Spátola. E-mail: [email protected] fármacos anti-factor de necrosis tumoral alfa (TNF-a) bloquean una de las citoquinas implicadas en la patogénesis de la Enfermedad Inflamatoria intestinal (EII). Su uso se relaciona con aumento de tuberculosis (TB), por lo que el despistaje previo es obligatorio. En la infección tuberculosa latente (ITBL) se utiliza isoniazida como quimioprofilaxis, fármaco que no se encuentra libre de reacciones adversas. Se presenta y discute el caso de una paciente con reacción adversa en piel secundaria al uso de isoniazida.Anti-tumor necrosis factor alfa drugs are responsible for blocking one of the cytoquines implicated on inflammatory bowel disease pathogenesis. Its use has been linked to an increase in tuberculosis ca-ses which is why screening before starting treatment is mandatory. Latent tuberculosis is treated with isoniazid as chemoprophylaxis although its use may provoke adverse effects. A case is presented of a patient with skin adverse reaction due to the use of isoniazid.Os medicamentos anti factor de necrose tumoral alfa (TNF-a) bloqueiam uma das citocinas envol-vidas na patogénese da doença inflamatória intestinal (DII). A sua utilização está associada com um aumento da tuberculose (TB), de modo que a despistagem anterior dessa doença é necessária. Na TB latente, frequentemente se utiliza a isoniazida como quimioprofilaxia, uma droga que não está livre de reacções adversas. Apresentamos e discutimos o caso de uma paciente com reação adversa na pele secundária ao uso da isoniazida

Estudio comparativo de taninos de tara, mimosa y pino como recurtientes

Los taninos vegetales son productos naturales que tienen la capacidad de formar complejos con proteínas. Dentro de este contexto, son los productos naturales más importantes usados industrialmente en los procesos que transforman las pieles en cueros. En este proyecto caracterizaremos los taninos utilizados (evaluación de su poder curtiente) y partiendo de una formulación base en función del artículo final elegido (capellada de calzado), se realiza el curtido e iremos variando el curtiente vegetal y evaluando su comportamiento con distintos ensayos. Los taninos evaluados son mimosa, pino radiata y polvo de tara. También presentamos una caracterización de los cueros, mostrando los ensayos a realizar a los diferentes tipos de cuero en función de su uso, las normas que aplican para los análisis y especificaciones que nos orienten para los mismos. Estas especificaciones indican las propiedades que el cuero debe cumplir para que el mismo tenga un comportamiento adecuado durante su fabricación y uso. Abstract The vegetable tannins are natural products that are able to form complex with proteins. Within this context, are the most important natural products used in industrial processes that transform raw hides into leathers. In this project we wil characterize the tannins used (evaluation of their power tanning), starting with a basic formulation depending on the final article chosen (upper shoes), the process of tanning is carried out varying the vegetable tannin and evaluating its behaviour with different essays. The evaluated tannins are: mimosa, radiata pine and tare powder. We also present a leather characterization, showing the essays to carry out, the different types of leather depending on its use, the standars used for the analysis and specifications that guide us to them. These specifications indicate the properties that the leather must have to have appropiate behaviour during their manufacture and use

Latin-American consensus on chronic constipation

El Consenso Latinoamericano de Estreñimiento Crónico se realizó con el objeto de proveer guías para mejorar la identificación, el diagnóstico y el tratamiento de este trastorno en la región. Dos coordinadores, y uno honorario, establecieron las líneas de consenso, basado en una revisión sistemática de la literatura médica de los últimos 10 años a partir de 1995. Participaron 17 miembros con el aval de sus respectivas sociedades locales de gastroenterología. Éstos revisaron y presentaron los temas con sus niveles de evidencia y grados de recomendación para discutirlos en una reunión plenaria. Tras un informe final de los miembros, los coordinadores prepararon las declaraciones finales para someterlas a votación en octubre de 2006. El consenso concluyó que el estreñimiento crónico tiene una prevalencia estimada del 5-21% en la región, con una relación mujer: varón de 3:1. El 75% de los sujetos que lo presenta utiliza algún tipo de medicamentos y más del 50% usa medicamentos caseros. Se recomendó un diagnóstico basado en los Criterios de Roma y los estudios diagnósticos sólo en pacientes mayores de 50 años o con algún signo de alarma. El uso de enema de colon se recomendó como investigación inicial en países con elevada frecuencia de megacolon idiopático y/o enfermedad de Chagas. En cuanto al tratamiento, se recomendó incrementar la fibra en la dieta a 25-30 g/día (grado C) y no se encontraron evidencias para ciertas medidas, como el ejercicio, el aumento de la ingesta de agua o las visitas programadas al excusado. El Psyllium recibió recomendación grado B y tratamientos farmacológicos, como tegaserod y polietilenglicol grado A. No se encontraron suficientes evidencias para recomendar la administración de lactulosa, pero no se desaprobó su uso cuando fuera necesario. Los estudios complementarios, como el tránsito colónico seguido de manometría anorrectal y defecografía, sólo se recomendaron para descartar la inercia colónica y/o la obstrucción funcional en pacientes que no respondieran al tratamiento. La biorretroalimentación se recomendó (grado B) en la disinergia del suelo pélvico.Q459-74The Latin-American Consensus on Chronic Constipation aimed to establish guidelines to improve the identification, diagnosis and treatment of this disorder in the region. Two coordinators and an honorary coordinator established the process and the topics to be discussed, based on a systematic review of the literature published in the previous 10 years, since 1995. Seventeen members participated with the support of their local gastroenterology societies. The members reviewed the different subjects based on the levels of evidence and grades of recommendation; the topics were then discussed in a plenary session. A written report was drafted and the coordinators prepared the final declarations to be submitted to a vote by all the members in October 2006. The consensus concluded that chronic constipation has an estimated prevalence of 5-21% in the region, with a female-to-male ratio of 3:1. Among individuals with constipation, 75% use some type of medication, with more than 50% using home remedies. A diagnosis based on Rome Criteria was recommended and diagnostic testing only in persons older than 50 years or with alarm symptoms. The use of barium enema as an initial investigation was recommended only in countries with a high prevalence of idiopathic megacolon or Chagas’ disease. Recommendations on treatment included an increase in dietary fiber of up to 25-30 g/day (grade C). No evidence was found to recommend measures such as exercise, increased water intake, or frequent visits to the toilet. Fiber supplements such as Psyllium received a grade B and pharmacological treatments such as tegaserod and polyethylene glycol, both grade A. There was insufficient evidence to recommend lactulose, but the consensus did not disadvise its use when necessary. Complementary investigations such as colonic transit followed by anorectal manometry and defecography were only recommended to rule out colonic inertia and/or obstructive defecation in patients not responding to treatment. Biofeedback was recommended (grade B) for those with pelvic dyssynergi

Update of the PANCCO clinical practice guidelines for the treatment of ulcerative colitis in the adult population

Ulcerative colitis (US) is a chronic disease of unknown etiology. It is incurable and its clinical course is intermittent, characterized by periods of remission and relapse. The prevalence and incidence of the disease has been increasing worldwide. The update presented herein includes the participation of healthcare professionals, decision-makers, and a representative of the patients, all of whom declared their conflicts of interest. Answerable clinical questions were formulated, and the outcomes were graded. The information search was conducted on the Medline/PubMed, Embase, Epistemonikos, and LILACS databases, and covered grey literature sources, as well. The search was updated on November 30, 2020, with no restrictions regarding date or language. The Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation (GRADE) classification system was implemented to establish the strength of the recommendation and quality of evidence. A formal consensus was developed, based on the RAND/UCLA methodology and the document was peer reviewed. The short version of the Clinical Practice Guidelines for the Treatment of Ulcerative Colitis in the Adult Population is presented herein, together with the supporting evidence and respective recommendations. In mild-to-moderate UC, budesonide MMX is an option when treatment with 5-ASA fails, and before using systemic steroids. In moderate-to-severe UC, infliximab, adalimumab, vedolizumab, ustekinumab, and tofacitinib can be used as first-line therapy. If there is anti-TNF therapy failure, ustekinumab and tofacitinib provide the best results. In patients with antibiotic-refractory pouchitis, anti-TNFs are the treatment of choice

Major depression and schizophrenia : investigation of neural mechanisms using neuroimaging and computational modeling of brain function

Depression and schizophrenia are common psychiatric disorders that can be disabling and chronic. This thesis aimed to further elucidate the underlying neural substrates using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) based studies. Hypothesized impairments in reinforcement learning in depression and schizophrenia were investigated, as were the neural correlates of abnormalities of social information processing in schizophrenia. Computational models of reinforcement learning are based on the concept of a 'prediction error' (PE, discrepancy between the expected and actual outcome) signal to update predictions of rewards and improve action selection. It has been argued that the firing of dopamine neurons encode a reward PE signal that mediates the learning of associations and the attribution of motivational salience to reward-related stimuli. Using model-based fMRI, the encoding of neural PE signals in patients with depression and schizophrenia were investigated. Consistent with hypotheses, patients exhibited different abnormalities in neural PE signals, with the degree of abnormality correlating with increased anhedonia/psychotic symptoms in depression/schizophrenia. These findings are consistent with the suggestion that a disruption in the encoding of PE signals contributes to anhedonia symptoms in depression by disrupting learning and the acquisition of salience of rewarding events. In schizophrenia, abnormal PE signals may contribute to psychosis by promoting aberrant perceptions and abnormal associations. In a different study, the neural responses to social exclusion in schizophrenia were investigated. Schizophrenia patients failed to modulate activity in the medial prefrontal cortex with the degree of exclusion, unlike controls. This highlights the neural substrates of putatively impaired social information processing in schizophrenia. Overall, these findings are consistent with proposals that psychiatric syndromes reflect different disorders of neural valuation. This perspective may help bridge the gap between the biological and phenomenological levels of understanding of depression and schizophrenia, hopefully contributing in the long term to the development of more effective treatments.EThOS - Electronic Theses Online ServiceGBUnited Kingdo

Aprovechamiento de subproductos de la faena de aves. Curtido de pieles de pata de gallina

The aim of this development is to add value to one of the by-products of the poultry slaughtery, the chicken’s feet. The process began with the skinning of the chicken’s feet, which underwent a tanning process to obtain a leather characterised for its similarity with exotic leathers such as the reptile ones. To facilitate its possible production by artisanal means we designed a more environmental-friendly process, eliminating the use of sodium sulfide in the stages corresponding to dehairing and liming, followed by a chromium-free tanning based on a combination of vegetable tannins and synthetic retanning agents. Confirmation of the tanning of the skins was performed by measuring the shrinkage temperature of leathers, obtaining a value of 80 °C, higher than those of the raw hides. Physical properties were evaluated to characterize the product, obtaining tensile strength values of 0,65 kg/mm2 and a tear resistance of 2,10 kg/mm.El objetivo de este trabajo es lograr generar valor agregado a uno de los subproductos de la faena de aves, las patas de gallina. Se partió de pieles extraídas de patas de gallina a las que se les realizó un proceso de curtido para obtener un cuero caracterizado por su aspecto similar al de cueros exóticos, como los de reptil. Para facilitar su posible producción por medios artesanales, se diseñó un proceso más amigable con el medio ambiente, eliminando el uso de sulfuro de sodio en la etapa correspondiente al pelambre y encalado, seguido de un curtido libre de cromo basado en una combinación de taninos vegetales y recurtientes sintéticos. La confirmación del curtido de las pieles se realizó midiendo la temperatura de contracción de los cueros, cuyo valor fue de 80 ºC, superior al de las pieles crudas. Se evaluaron algunas propiedades físicas para caracterizar el producto y se obtuvieron valores de resistencia a la tracción de 0,65 kg/mm2 y de resistencia al desgarro de 2,10 kg/mm

Desarrollo de infección tuberculosa latente y efectos adversos de la isoniazida durante tratamiento con biológico por Enfermedad de Crohn

Los fármacos anti factor de necrosis tumoral alfa (TNF-a) bloquean una de las citoquinas implicadas en la patogénesis de la Enfermedad Inflamatoria intestinal (EII). Su uso se relaciona con aumento de tuberculosis (TB), por lo que el despistaje previo es obligatorio. En la infección tuberculosa latente (ITBL) se utiliza isoniazida como quimioprofilaxis, fármaco que no se encuentra libre de reacciones adversas. Se presenta y discute el caso de una paciente con reacción adversa en piel secundaria al uso de isoniazida

A profitable use of by-products of the poultry slaughter. The tanning of hen’s feet skins

The aim of this development is to add value to one of the by-products of the poultry slaughtery, the chicken’s feet. The process began with the skinning of the chicken’s feet, which underwent a tanning process to obtain a leather characterised for its similarity with exotic leathers such as the reptile ones. To facilitate its possible production by artisanal means we designed a more environmental-friendly process, eliminating the use of sodium sulfide in the stages corresponding to dehairing and liming, followed by a chromium-free tanning based on a combination of vegetable tannins and synthetic retanning agents. Confirmation of the tanning of the skins was performed by measuring the shrinkage temperature of leathers, obtaining a value of 80 °C, higher than those of the raw hides. Physical properties were evaluated to characterize the product, obtaining tensile strength values of 0,65 kg/mm2 and a tear resistance of 2,10 kg/mm