331 research outputs found
Creep of an inhomogeneous polymeric cylindrical shell under heating
The article presents the calculation of a polymer thick-walled cylindrical shell, taking into account creep under the action of a uneven temperature field. The relevance of the work lies in the widespread intro-duction of polymer pipes in the repair and construction of pipelines for heating, sewerage, and water supply systems. The problem is solved in an axisymmetric formulation under plane deformation conditions. The calculation is based on the non-linear Maxwell-Gurevich equation, which is widely used in the calculations of polymer structures.
In the problem under consideration, the cylindrical shell is in a flat de-formed state. It is also believed that temperature is a function of radius and time
Quasideterminant solutions of a non-Abelian Toda lattice and kink solutions of a matrix sine-Gordon equation
Two families of solutions of a generalized non-Abelian Toda lattice are
considered. These solutions are expressed in terms of quasideterminants,
constructed by means of Darboux and binary Darboux transformations. As an
example of the application of these solutions, we consider the 2-periodic
reduction to a matrix sine-Gordon equation. In particular, we investigate the
interaction properties of polarized kink solutions.Comment: 14 pages; 4 picture
Phase coherence phenomena in superconducting films
Superconducting films subject to an in-plane magnetic field exhibit a gapless
superconducting phase. We explore the quasi-particle spectral properties of the
gapless phase and comment on the transport properties. Of particular interest
is the sensitivity of the quantum interference phenomena in this phase to the
nature of the impurity scattering. We find that films subject to columnar
defects exhibit a `Berry-Robnik' symmetry which changes the fundamental
properties of the system. Furthermore, we explore the integrity of the gapped
phase. As in the magnetic impurity system, we show that optimal fluctuations of
the random impurity potential conspire with the in-plane magnetic field to
induce a band of localized sub-gap states. Finally, we investigate the
interplay of the proximity effect and gapless superconductivity in thin normal
metal-superconductor bi-layers.Comment: 13 pages, 8 figures include
Covariant Vortex In Superconducting-Superfluid-Normal Fluid Mixtures with Stiff Equation of State
The integrals of motion for a cylindrically symmetric stationary vortex are
obtained in a covariant description of a mixture of interacting
superconductors, superfluids and normal fluids. The relevant integrated
stress-energy coefficients for the vortex with respect to a vortex-free
reference state are calculated in the approximation of a ``stiff'', i.e. least
compressible, relativistic equation of state for the fluid mixture. As an
illustration of the foregoing general results, we discuss their application to
some of the well known examples of ``real'' superfluid and superconducting
systems that are contained as special cases. These include Landau's two-fluid
model, uncharged binary superfluid mixtures, rotating conventional
superconductors and the superfluid neutron-proton-electron plasma in the outer
core of neutron stars.Comment: 14 pages, uses RevTeX and amssymb, submitte
Magnetic fluctuations in 2D metals close to the Stoner instability
We consider the effect of potential disorder on magnetic properties of a
two-dimensional metallic system (with conductance ) when interaction in
the triplet channel is so strong that the system is close to the threshold of
the Stoner instability. We show, that under these conditions there is an
exponentially small probability for the system to form local spin droplets
which are local regions with non zero spin density. Using a non-local version
of the optimal fluctuation method we find analytically the probability
distribution and the typical spin of a local spin droplet (LSD). In particular,
we show that both the probability to form a LSD and its typical spin are
independent of the size of the droplet (within the exponential accuracy). The
LSDs manifest themselves in temperature dependence of observable quantities. We
show, that below certain cross-over temperature the paramagnetic susceptibility
acquires the Curie-like temperature dependence, while the dephasing time
(extracted from magneto-resistance measurements) saturates.Comment: 15 pages, 4 figure
Symmetry justification of Lorenz' maximum simplification
In 1960 Edward Lorenz (1917-2008) published a pioneering work on the `maximum
simplification' of the barotropic vorticity equation. He derived a coupled
three-mode system and interpreted it as the minimum core of large-scale fluid
mechanics on a `finite but unbounded' domain. The model was obtained in a
heuristic way, without giving a rigorous justification for the chosen selection
of modes. In this paper, it is shown that one can legitimate Lorenz' choice by
using symmetry transformations of the spectral form of the vorticity equation.
The Lorenz three-mode model arises as the final step in a hierarchy of models
constructed via the component reduction by means of symmetries. In this sense,
the Lorenz model is indeed the `maximum simplification' of the vorticity
equation.Comment: 8 pages, minor correction
Instabilities and Bifurcations of Nonlinear Impurity Modes
We study the structure and stability of nonlinear impurity modes in the
discrete nonlinear Schr{\"o}dinger equation with a single on-site nonlinear
impurity emphasizing the effects of interplay between discreteness,
nonlinearity and disorder. We show how the interaction of a nonlinear localized
mode (a discrete soliton or discrete breather) with a repulsive impurity
generates a family of stationary states near the impurity site, as well as
examine both theoretical and numerical criteria for the transition between
different localized states via a cascade of bifurcations.Comment: 8 pages, 8 figures, Phys. Rev. E in pres
Extension of the sum rule for the transition rates between multiplets to the multiphoton case
The sum rule for the transition rates between the components of two
multiplets, known for the one-photon transitions, is extended to the
multiphoton transitions in hydrogen and hydrogen-like ions. As an example the
transitions 3p-2p, 4p-3p and 4d-3d are considered. The numerical results are
compared with previous calculations.Comment: 10 pages, 4 table
Influence of porosity on erosion behavior and hydrogen permeability of tungsten films
The erosion characteristics of dense and porous W-films deposited on Pd substrates were measured
under impact of mirror Penning discharge nitrogen plasma. It is shown that the erosion rate of high
porous tungsten films (up to 45% porosity) is similar to that for dense (1 β 3% porosity) tungsten
films. At the same time hydrogen permeation through porous tungsten films essentially higher than
for dense W coatings and in some cases it approaches to values as for bare Pd. The activation energies
of hydrogen permeability measured for two-layer Pd-W systems with high porosity are higher than
for dense W-films on Pd (15.44 kJ/mol and 12.8 kJ/mol, accordingly), but these values much lower
than the ones for bulk W under gas-driven permeation experiments. The possible reasons of such
erosion and permeation behavior are discussed.ΠΠΌΡΡΡΠ½Ρ Π΅ΡΠΎΠ·ΡΠΉΠ½Ρ Ρ
Π°ΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΡΡΠΈΠΊΠΈ ΡΡΠ»ΡΠ½ΠΈΡ
Ρ ΠΏΠΎΡΠΈΡΡΠΈΡ
ΠΏΠ»ΡΠ²ΠΎΠΊ Π²ΠΎΠ»ΡΡΡΠ°ΠΌΡ Π½Π° ΠΏΠ°Π»Π°Π΄ΡΡ ΠΏΡΠΈ Π΄ΡΡ Π°Π·ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΡ
ΠΏΠ»Π°Π·ΠΌΠΈ Π²ΡΠ΄Π±ΠΈΠ²Π½ΠΈΡ
ΡΠΎΠ·ΡΡΠ΄ΡΠ² ΠΠ΅Π½Π½ΡΠ½Π³Π°. ΠΠΎΠΊΠ°Π·Π°Π½ΠΎ,
ΡΠΎ ΡΠ²ΠΈΠ΄ΠΊΡΡΡΡ Π΅ΡΠΎΠ·ΡΡ Π²ΠΈΡΠΎΠΊΠΎΠΏΠΎΡΠΈΡΡΠΈΡ
ΠΏΠ»ΡΠ²ΠΎΠΊ Π²ΠΎΠ»ΡΡΡΠ°ΠΌΡ (ΠΏΠΎΡΠΈΡΡΡΡΡΡ Π±Π»ΠΈΠ·ΡΠΊΠΎ 45%) ΠΏΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠΈΡΠ½ΠΎ Π½Π΅
Π²ΡΠ΄ΡΡΠ·Π½ΡΡΡΡΡΡ Π²ΡΠ΄ ΡΠ°ΠΊΠΎΡ Π΄Π»Ρ ΡΡΠ»ΡΠ½ΠΈΡ
ΠΏΠ»ΡΠ²ΠΎΠΊ W (ΠΏΠΎΡΠΈΡΡΡΡΡΡ 1 β 3%). Π£ ΡΠ΅ΠΆ ΡΠ°Ρ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ½ΠΈΠΊΠ½Π΅Π½Π½Ρ Π²ΠΎΠ΄Π½Ρ
ΠΊΡΡΠ·Ρ Π²ΠΈΡΠΎΠΊΠΎΠΏΠΎΡΠΈΡΡΡ ΠΏΠ»ΡΠ²ΠΊΠΈ Π²ΠΎΠ»ΡΡΡΠ°ΠΌΡ Π±Π°Π³Π°ΡΠΎ Π²ΠΈΡΠ΅, Π½ΡΠΆ ΠΊΡΡΠ·Ρ ΡΡΠ»ΡΠ½Ρ ΠΏΠΎΠΊΡΠΈΡΡΡ W Ρ Π² Π΄Π΅ΡΠΊΠΈΡ
Π²ΠΈΠΏΠ°Π΄ΠΊΠ°Ρ
Π²Π΅Π»ΠΈΡΠΈΠ½ΠΈ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ½ΠΈΠΊΠ½ΠΎΡΡΡ ΠΌΠΎΠΆΡΡΡ Π±ΡΡΠΈ Π±Π»ΠΈΠ·ΡΠΊΡ
Π΄ΠΎ ΡΠ°ΠΊΠΎΡ Π΄Π»Ρ Pd Π±Π΅Π· ΠΏΠΎΠΊΡΠΈΡΡΡ. ΠΠ½Π΅ΡΠ³ΡΡ Π°ΠΊΡΠΈΠ²Π°ΡΡΡ
Π²ΠΎΠ΄Π½Π΅Π²ΠΎΡ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ½ΠΈΠΊΠ½ΠΎΡΡΡ Π·ΠΌΡΡΡΠ½Ρ Π΄Π»Ρ Π΄Π²ΠΎΡΠ°ΡΠΎΠ²ΠΈΡ
ΡΠΈΡΡΠ΅ΠΌ Pd-W Π· Π²ΠΈΡΠΎΠΊΠΎΡ ΠΏΠΎΡΠΈΡΡΡΡΡΡ W Π²ΠΈΡΠ΅, Π½ΡΠΆ
Π΄Π»Ρ ΡΡΠ»ΡΠ½ΠΈΡ
W-ΠΏΠ»ΡΠ²ΠΎΠΊ Π½Π° Pd (15,44 ΠΊΠΠΆ/ΠΌΠΎΠ»Ρ Ρ
12,8 ΠΊΠΠΆ/ΠΌΠΎΠ»Ρ, Π²ΡΠ΄ΠΏΠΎΠ²ΡΠ΄Π½ΠΎ), Π°Π»Π΅ Π² ΠΎΠ±ΠΎΡ
Π²ΠΈΠΏΠ°Π΄ΠΊΠ°Ρ
ΡΡ Π²Π΅Π»ΠΈΡΠΈΠ½ΠΈ Π±Π°Π³Π°ΡΠΎ Π½ΠΈΠΆΡΠ΅, Π½ΡΠΆ Π΄Π»Ρ ΠΌΠ°ΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ W
Π² ΡΠΌΠΎΠ²Π°Ρ
ΠΏΡΠΎΠ½uΠΊΠ½ΠΎΠ²Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ Π· ΠΌΠΎΠ»Π΅ΠΊΡΠ»ΡΡΠ½ΠΎΡ ΡΠ°Π·ΠΈ.
ΠΠ±Π³ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΡΡΡΡΡΡΡ ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ»ΠΈΠ²Ρ ΠΏΡΠΈΡΠΈΠ½ΠΈ ΡΠ°ΠΊΠΎΡ ΠΏΠΎΠ²Π΅Π΄ΡΠ½ΠΊΠΈ Π΅ΡΠΎΠ·ΡΡ Ρ Π²ΠΎΠ΄Π½Π΅Π²ΠΎΡ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ½ΠΈΠΊΠ½ΠΎΡΡΡ.ΠΠ·ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½Ρ ΡΡΠΎΠ·ΠΈΠΎΠ½Π½ΡΠ΅ Ρ
Π°ΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΡΡΠΈΠΊΠΈ ΠΏΠ»ΠΎΡΠ½ΡΡ
ΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΡΠΈΡΡΡΡ
ΠΏΠ»Π΅Π½ΠΎΠΊ Π²ΠΎΠ»ΡΡΡΠ°ΠΌΠ° Π½Π° ΠΏΠ°Π»Π»Π°Π΄ΠΈΠΈ ΠΏΡΠΈ
Π²ΠΎΠ·Π΄Π΅ΠΉΡΡΠ²ΠΈΠΈ Π°Π·ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΏΠ»Π°Π·ΠΌΡ ΠΎΡΡΠ°ΠΆΠ°ΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΡΡ
ΡΠ°Π·ΡΡΠ΄ΠΎΠ² ΠΠ΅Π½Π½ΠΈΠ½Π³Π°. ΠΠΎΠΊΠ°Π·Π°Π½ΠΎ, ΡΡΠΎ ΡΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΡ ΡΡΠΎΠ·ΠΈΠΈ
Π²ΡΡΠΎΠΊΠΎΠΏΠΎΡΠΈΡΡΡΡ
ΠΏΠ»Π΅Π½ΠΎΠΊ Π²ΠΎΠ»ΡΡΡΠ°ΠΌΠ° (ΠΏΠΎΡΠΈΡΡΠΎΡΡΡ
ΠΎΠΊΠΎΠ»ΠΎ 45%) ΠΏΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈ Π½Π΅ ΠΎΡΠ»ΠΈΡΠ°Π΅ΡΡΡ ΠΎΡ ΡΠ°ΠΊΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠΉ
Π΄Π»Ρ ΠΏΠ»ΠΎΡΠ½ΡΡ
W ΠΏΠ»Π΅Π½ΠΎΠΊ (ΠΏΠΎΡΠΈΡΡΠΎΡΡΡ 1 β 3%). Π
ΡΠΎΠΆΠ΅ Π²ΡΠ΅ΠΌΡ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ½ΠΈΠΊΠ½ΠΎΠ²Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ Π²ΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΡΠΎΠ΄Π° ΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π· Π²ΡΡΠΎΠΊΠΎΠΏΠΎΡΠΈΡΡΡΠ΅ ΠΏΠ»Π΅Π½ΠΊΠΈ Π²ΠΎΠ»ΡΡΡΠ°ΠΌΠ° ΠΌΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π²ΡΡΠ΅, ΡΠ΅ΠΌ
ΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π· ΠΏΠ»ΠΎΡΠ½ΡΠ΅ W ΠΏΠΎΠΊΡΡΡΠΈΡ ΠΈ Π² Π½Π΅ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΡ
ΡΠ»ΡΡΠ°ΡΡ
Π²Π΅Π»ΠΈΡΠΈΠ½Ρ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ½ΠΈΡΠ°Π΅ΠΌΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΠΌΠΎΠ³ΡΡ Π±ΡΡΡ Π±Π»ΠΈΠ·ΠΊΠΈ ΠΊ ΡΠ°ΠΊΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠΉ Π΄Π»Ρ Pd Π±Π΅Π· ΠΏΠΎΠΊΡΡΡΠΈΡ. ΠΠ½Π΅ΡΠ³ΠΈΠΈ Π°ΠΊΡΠΈΠ²Π°ΡΠΈΠΈ Π²ΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΡΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠΏΡΠΎΠ½ΠΈΡΠ°Π΅ΠΌΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½Π½Π½ΡΠ΅ Π΄Π»Ρ
Π΄Π²ΡΡ
ΡΠ»ΠΎΠΉΠ½ΡΡ
Pd-W ΡΠΈΡΡΠ΅ΠΌ Ρ Π²ΡΡΠΎΠΊΠΎΠΉ ΠΏΠΎΡΠΈΡΡΠΎΡΡΡΡ W Π²ΡΡΠ΅, ΡΠ΅ΠΌ Π΄Π»Ρ ΠΏΠ»ΠΎΡΠ½ΡΡ
W-ΠΏΠ»Π΅Π½ΠΎΠΊ Π½Π° Pd
(15,44 ΠΊΠΠΆ/ΠΌΠΎΠ»Ρ ΠΈ 12,8 ΠΊΠΠΆ/ΠΌΠΎΠ»Ρ, ΡΠΎΠΎΡΠ²Π΅ΡΡΡΠ²Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎ), Π½ΠΎ Π² ΠΎΠ±ΠΎΠΈΡ
ΡΠ»ΡΡΠ°ΡΡ
ΡΡΠΈ Π²Π΅Π»ΠΈΡΠΈΠ½Ρ ΠΌΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π½ΠΈΠΆΠ΅, ΡΠ΅ΠΌ Π΄Π»Ρ ΠΌΠ°ΡΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ W Π² ΡΡΠ»ΠΎΠ²ΠΈΡΡ
ΠΏΡΠΎΠ½ΠΈΠΊΠ½ΠΎΠ²Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΈΠ· ΠΌΠΎΠ»Π΅ΠΊΡΠ»ΡΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΡΠ°Π·Ρ. ΠΠ±ΡΡΠΆΠ΄Π°ΡΡΡΡ Π²ΠΎΠ·ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ½ΡΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠΈΡΠΈΠ½Ρ ΡΠ°ΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΏΠΎΠ²Π΅Π΄Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΡΠΎΠ·ΠΈΠΈ ΠΈ
Π²ΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΡΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠΏΡΠΎΠ½ΠΈΡΠ°Π΅ΠΌΠΎΡΡΠΈ
Hydrogen saturation influence on erosion behavior of thin W-films under steady state nitrogen plasma impact
The erosion behavior of W-Pd bimetallic system was examined for both hydrogen saturated and non-saturated states under impact of steady state nitrogen plasma of a mirror Penning discharge. Possible physical mechanism is discussed to explain the essential decrease of erosion rate and damages of such systems (form change, macro-blistering and macro-flaking) caused by hydrogen saturation to high concentration.ΠΠΎΡΠ»ΡΠ΄ΠΆΡΠ²Π°Π»ΠΎΡΡ Π΅ΡΠΎΠ·ΡΠΉΠ½Π΅ ΠΏΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠ΄ΠΆΠ΅Π½Π½Ρ W-Pd Π±ΡΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ°Π»ΡΡΠ½ΠΈΡ
ΡΠΈΡΡΠ΅ΠΌ Ρ Π½Π°ΡΠΈΡΠ΅Π½ΠΎΠΌΡ Π²ΠΎΠ΄Π½Π΅ΠΌ ΡΡΠ°Π½Ρ Ρ Π½Π΅Π½Π°ΡΠΈΡΠ΅Π½ΠΎΠΌΡ, ΠΏΡΠΈ Π²ΠΏΠ»ΠΈΠ²Ρ ΡΡΠ°ΡΡΠΎΠ½Π°ΡΠ½ΠΎΡ Π°Π·ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΡ ΠΏΠ»Π°Π·ΠΌΠΈ Π²ΡΠ΄Π±ΠΈΠ²Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠΎΠ·ΡΡΠ΄Ρ ΠΠ΅Π½Π½ΡΠ½Π³Π°. ΠΠ±Π³ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΡΡΡΡΡΡΡ ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ»ΠΈΠ²Ρ ΡΡΠ·ΠΈΡΠ½Ρ ΠΌΠ΅Ρ
Π°Π½ΡΠ·ΠΌΠΈ, ΡΠΎ ΠΏΠΎΡΡΠ½ΡΡΡΡ ΡΡΡΠΎΡΠ½Π΅ Π·Π½ΠΈΠΆΠ΅Π½Π½Ρ ΡΠ²ΠΈΠ΄ΠΊΠΎΡΡΡ Π΅ΡΠΎΠ·ΡΡ ΠΉ ΡΡΠΊΠΎΠ΄ΠΆΠ΅Π½Π½Ρ ΡΠ°ΠΊΠΈΡ
ΡΠΈΡΡΠ΅ΠΌ (Π·ΠΌΡΠ½Π° ΡΠΎΡΠΌΠΈ, ΠΌΠ°ΠΊΡΠΎ- Π±Π»ΡΡΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ½Π³ Ρ ΠΌΠ°ΠΊΡΠΎ-ΡΠ»Π΅ΠΊΡΠ½Π³), ΠΎΠ±ΡΠΌΠΎΠ²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ
Π½Π°ΡΠΈΡΠ΅Π½Π½ΡΠΌ Π²ΠΎΠ΄Π½Π΅ΠΌ Π΄ΠΎ Π²ΠΈΡΠΎΠΊΠΈΡ
ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΡΠ΅Π½ΡΡΠ°ΡΡΠΉ.ΠΡΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΠΎΠ²Π°Π»ΠΎΡΡ ΡΡΠΎΠ·ΠΈΠΎΠ½Π½ΠΎΠ΅ ΠΏΠΎΠ²Π΅Π΄Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ W-Pd Π±ΠΈΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ°Π»Π»ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΡ
ΡΠΈΡΡΠ΅ΠΌ Π² Π½Π°ΡΡΡΠ΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠΌ Π²ΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΡΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠΌ ΡΠΎΡΡΠΎΡΠ½ΠΈΠΈ ΠΈ Π½Π΅Π½Π°ΡΡΡΠ΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠΌ, ΠΏΡΠΈ Π²ΠΎΠ·Π΄Π΅ΠΉΡΡΠ²ΠΈΠΈ ΡΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π°ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ Π°Π·ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΏΠ»Π°Π·ΠΌΡ ΠΎΡΡΠ°ΠΆΠ°ΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠ°Π·ΡΡΠ΄Π° ΠΠ΅Π½Π½ΠΈΠ½Π³Π°. ΠΠ±ΡΡΠΆΠ΄Π°ΡΡΡΡ Π²ΠΎΠ·ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ½ΡΠ΅ ΡΠΈΠ·ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΠ΅ ΠΌΠ΅Ρ
Π°Π½ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΡ, ΠΎΠ±ΡΡΡΠ½ΡΡΡΠΈΠ΅ ΡΡΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠ΅ ΡΠ½ΠΈΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΡΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΡΡΠΎΠ·ΠΈΠΈ ΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΠ²ΡΠ΅ΠΆΠ΄Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΠ°ΠΊΠΈΡ
ΡΠΈΡΡΠ΅ΠΌ (ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠ΅Π½Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΡΠΎΡΠΌΡ, ΠΌΠ°ΠΊΡΠΎ-Π±Π»ΠΈΡΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΠ½Π³ ΠΈ ΠΌΠ°ΠΊΡΠΎ-ΡΠ»ΡΠΊΠΈΠ½Π³), ΠΎΠ±ΡΡΠ»ΠΎΠ²Π»Π΅Π½Π½ΡΡ
Π½Π°ΡΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ΠΌ Π²ΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΡΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠΌ Π΄ΠΎ Π²ΡΡΠΎΠΊΠΈΡ
ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΡΠ΅Π½ΡΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠΉ
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