NUCLEAR POWER PLANT NEUTRON FLUX MONITORING SYSTEM

Virtually inertialess information about the state of the core of PWRreactors, which is obtained from the neutron flux monitoring equipment, makes this equipment the main tool for controlling the work of the rector, ensuring its safe operation in all operating modes of nuclear power plants, including: when loading and reloading fuel, starting from the subcritical state, power set, operation in power mode and shutdown.Практически безынерционная информация о состоянии активной зоны водо-водяных энергетических реакторов (ВВЭР), которую получают от аппаратуры контроля нейтронного потока (АКНП), делает эту аппаратуру основным средством для управления работой ректора, обеспечения его безопасной эксплуатации во всех режимах работы атомной электростанции (АЭС), в т. ч. при загрузке и перегрузке топлива, пуске из подкритического состояния, наборе мощности, работе в энергетическом режиме и останове

Haematopoietic stem cell transplantation for severe autoimmune diseases in children : a review of current literature, registry activity and future directions on behalf of the autoimmune diseases and paediatric diseases working parties of the European Society for Blood and Marrow Transplantation

Although modern clinical management strategies have improved the outcome of paediatric patients with severe autoimmune and inflammatory diseases over recent decades, a proportion will experience ongoing or recurrent/relapsing disease activity despite multiple therapies often leading to irreversible organ damage, and compromised quality of life, growth/development and long-term survival. Autologous and allogeneic haematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) have been used successfully to induce disease control and often apparent cure of severe treatment-refractory autoimmune diseases (ADs) in children. However, transplant-related outcomes are disease-dependent and long-term outcome data are limited in respect to efficacy and safety. Moreover, balancing risks of HSCT against AD prognosis with continually evolving non-transplant options is challenging. This review appraises published literature on HSCT strategies and outcomes in individual paediatric ADs. We also provide a summary of the European Society for Blood and Marrow Transplantation (EBMT) Registry, where 343 HSCT procedures (176 autologous and 167 allogeneic) have been reported in 326 children (<18 years) for a range of AD indications. HSCT is a promising treatment modality, with potential long-term disease control or cure, but therapy-related morbidity and mortality need to be reduced. Further research is warranted to establish the position of HSCT in paediatric ADs via registries and prospective clinical studies to support evidence-based interspeciality guidelines and recommendations

PARENTERAL NUTRITION IN PEDIATRICS AND PEDIATRIC SURGERY

Nutrition plays a key role in the growth and development of children. A present day balanced parenteral nutrition can adequately ensure the child’s organism with amino acids, carbohydrates, fats, and energy needed to maintain a basic energy level, physical activity, height, pre-correction of nutritional deficiency. The child’s body needs sufficient amounts of electrolytes, minerals, microelements and vitamins. Protein and energy homeostasis is the basis of the organism life, which determines the inflammatory response, the adequacy of the immune status, duration and severity of the disease. The paper presents recent data concerning the conduct of parenteral nutrition in children of different age groups

THE CASE OF SURGICAL TREATMENT OF A CHILD WITH A DOUBLING OF THE ILEUM

This clinical observation was carried out over a teenager at age 17 with long lasting doubling of the ileum, formation of sinus openings in the lumen of the intestine, exhibited by recurrent intestinal bleeding and abdominal pain. Surgery was the only way to effectively treat the child. The indications for surgery were the clinical manifestations of chronic invagination resistant to conservative treatment

Perspectives for the Use of Fucoidans in Clinical Oncology

Fucoidans are natural sulfated polysaccharides that have a wide range of biological functions and are regarded as promising antitumor agents. The activity of various fucoidans and their derivatives has been demonstrated in vitro on tumor cells of different histogenesis and in experiments on mice with grafted tumors. However, these experimental models showed low levels of antitumor activity and clinical trials did not prove that this class of compounds could serve as antitumor drugs. Nevertheless, the anti-inflammatory, antiangiogenic, immunostimulating, and anticoagulant properties of fucoidans, as well as their ability to stimulate hematopoiesis during cytostatic-based antitumor therapy, suggest that effective fucoidan-based drugs could be designed for the supportive care and symptomatic therapy of cancer patients. The use of fucoidans in cancer patients after chemotherapy and radiation therapy might promote the rapid improvement of hematopoiesis, while their anti-inflammatory, immunomodulatory, and anticoagulant effects have the potential to improve the quality of life of patients with advanced cancer

ДИАГНОСТИКА И РЕНТГЕНОХИРУРГИЧЕСКОЕ ЛЕЧЕНИЕ ГЕМАНГИОМ ПЕЧЕНИ У ДЕТЕЙ

With the introduction into medical practice of highly informative noninvasive diagnostic techniques a refuse from the method of angiographic study appeared, which, according to many authors, was not completely justified. Of all the known today diagnostic techniques, angiography more precisely reveals the pathognomonic signs of the focus formations in the liver, especially hemangiomas, and allows to make a smooth transition from the stage of diagnosis to the treatment — i.e. endovascular occlusion of the hepatic artery [9]. The paper presents the methods of diagnosis, the results of examination and treatment of 58 children with hemangiomas of the liver in the preschool age. С внедрением в медицинскую практику высокоинформативных неинвазивных методов диагностики наметился отход от ангиографического метода обследования, что, по мнению многих авторов, не совсем оправдано. Из всех известных на сегодняшний день диагностических методов ангиография более точно выявляет патогномоничные признаки очаговых образований в печени, особенно гемангиомы, и позволяет сделать плавный переход от диагностики к лечебному этапу — рентгенэндоваскулярной окклюзии печеночной артерии. В статье представлены методы диагностики, результаты обследования и лечения 58 детей дошкольного возраста с гемангиомами печени.

Clinical Features of Cutaneous Acute Graft-versus-Host Disease after Allogeneic Hematopoietic Stem Cells Transplantation in Children with Hemato-Oncological Diseases

The graft-versus-host disease (GvHD) is frequent complication, it occurs in 50% of patients after allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) and it is one of the major causes of mortality not associated with disease recurrence. Skin lesion in the symptom complex of acute GvHD develops within the first 100 days after HSCT, and it is complicated diagnostic and therapeutic problem. Significant immunosuppressive status of children during the posttransplant period enhances and changes the course of dermatoses, infections, drug toxicity. Finally, it can lead to immunoallergic processes with possible development to generalized life-threatening diseases of the skin and mucous membranes. Meanwhile, toxic, allergic and infectious skin lesions can be present simultaneously or develop sequentially. The description of the clinical picture of skin lesions in acute GvHD is really crucial and has scientific and practical significance due to relatively small frequency of HSCT in children with oncology diseases. The article summarizes data on etiology, pathogenesis, clinical forms, diagnostic and treatment methods of cutaneous complications of the early post-transplantation period after HSCT

VDJtools: Unifying Post-analysis of T Cell Receptor Repertoires

<div><p>Despite the growing number of immune repertoire sequencing studies, the field still lacks software for analysis and comprehension of this high-dimensional data. Here we report VDJtools, a complementary software suite that solves a wide range of T cell receptor (TCR) repertoires post-analysis tasks, provides a detailed tabular output and publication-ready graphics, and is built on top of a flexible API. Using TCR datasets for a large cohort of unrelated healthy donors, twins, and multiple sclerosis patients we demonstrate that VDJtools greatly facilitates the analysis and leads to sound biological conclusions. VDJtools software and documentation are available at <a href="https://github.com/mikessh/vdjtools" target="_blank">https://github.com/mikessh/vdjtools</a>.</p></div