Civil Law Constructions in Social Service Legislation

The article analyzes the problems of legal regulation of social services that arise in connection with the use of private law principles in the legislation on social services (contractual structures, the involvement of non-state providers of social services, the introduction of competitive principles, etc.). On January 1, 2015, the Federal Law of December 28, 2013 No. 442-FZ “On the Basics of Social Services for Citizens in the Russian Federation” entered into force, which made significant changes to the system of social services. In this regulatory legal act, a complex of legislative novelties was implemented, aimed at overcoming the crisis situation in social services. It was assumed that ensuring a competitive environment, including through the provision of social services on a contractual basis, would improve their quality, and the involvement of non-governmental organizations would solve the problem of the availability of social services. However, an analysis of the provisions of the current federal legislation and the legislation of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation revealed certain problems of legal regulation that impede the achievement of the goals set (violation of the continuity of legislation, the use of certain private law elements of legal regulation in the regulation of public law relations, etc.). Based on the results of the study, the Author concludes that the goals set for the legislator have not been fully achieved. The involvement of non-state providers of social services did not solve the problem of accessibility of social services. At the same time, at the federal and regional levels, a legal space has been created for “delegating” certain state functions to private organizations, the effectiveness of which raises objective doubts. The use of some private law elements of legal regulation (for example, the legal structure “contract”) does not serve the purpose of ensuring the guarantee of social services, but entails further “commercialization” of relations in the field of social services. The article also examines the experience of using so-called hospital-replacing technologies in certain constituent entities of the Russian Federation (creation of foster families for disabled people and citizens living alone). The Author comes to the conclusion that hospitalreplacing technologies can hardly be considered a really effective means of solving the problem of the availability of social services due to the low level of fees received for caring for single citizens and (or) disabled people

Scientific, institutional and personal rivalries among Soviet geographers in the late Stalin era

Scientific, institutional and personal rivalries between three key centres of geographical research and scholarship (the Academy of Sciences Institute of Geography and the Faculties of Geography at Moscow and Leningrad State Universities) are surveyed for the period from 1945 to the early 1950s. It is argued that the debates and rivalries between members of the three institutions appear to have been motivated by a variety of scientific, ideological, institutional and personal factors, but that genuine scientific disagreements were at least as important as political and ideological factors in influencing the course of the debates and in determining their final outcome

Modern Conception of the Control over the Abundance of Carriers and Vectors of Plague in the Territory of the Russian Federation

Disinfestation and deratization remain the main ways of non-specific disease prophylaxis in natural plague foci. Modern strategies, tactics, methods and means of control over carriers and vectors of plague and associated infectious diseases are selected with due consideration to epidemiological potential of territories, epizootic activity of a foci, peculiarities of population ecology of animals that are of a medical significance, preservation of biodiversity in natural ecosystems, and the requirements for human and natural environments protection from pollutants

Solid 4He and the Supersolid Phase: from Theoretical Speculation to the Discovery of a New State of Matter? A Review of the Past and Present Status of Research

The possibility of a supersolid state of matter, i.e., a crystalline solid exhibiting superfluid properties, first appeared in theoretical studies about forty years ago. After a long period of little interest due to the lack of experimental evidence, it has attracted strong experimental and theoretical attention in the last few years since Kim and Chan (Penn State, USA) reported evidence for nonclassical rotational inertia effects, a typical signature of superfluidity, in samples of solid 4He. Since this "first observation", other experimental groups have observed such effects in the response to the rotation of samples of crystalline helium, and it has become clear that the response of the solid is extremely sensitive to growth conditions, annealing processes, and 3He impurities. A peak in the specific heat in the same range of temperatures has been reported as well as anomalies in the elastic behaviour of solid 4He with a strong resemblance to the phenomena revealed by torsional oscillator experiments. Very recently, the observation of unusual mass transport in hcp solid 4He has also been reported, suggesting superflow. From the theoretical point of view, powerful simulation methods have been used to study solid 4He, but the interpretation of the data is still rather difficult; dealing with the question of supersolidity means that one has to face not only the problem of the coexistence of quantum coherence phenomena and crystalline order, exploring the realm of spontaneous symmetry breaking and quantum field theory, but also the problem of the role of disorder, i.e., how defects, such as vacancies, impurities, dislocations, and grain boundaries, participate in the phase transition mechanism.Comment: Published on J. Phys. Soc. Jpn., Vol.77, No.11, p.11101

Резистентность к антибактериальным препаратам и бактериофагам изолятов Klebsiella pneumoniae, выделенных от детей разного возраста с кишечными инфекциями

The aim is to study the antibiotic and phage resistance of K. pneumoniae strains isolated from children with acute intestinal infections. Materials and methods. 490 K. pneumoniae strains isolated by the bacteriological method from feces from patients with intestinal infections of various etiologies aged from 1 month to 18 years in the period 2019—2021 were studied. The diagnosis of intestinal infection caused by K. pneumoniae was established taking into account the detection of the pathogen at a concentration of at least 5 lg CFU/g (n = 283; 57.8%). Children with Klebsiella seeding, made up three age groups: from 1 to 12 months of life (n = 245; 50%); from 1 to 3 years (n = 131; 26.7%); from 3 to 18 years (n = 114; 23.3%). Results. A higher frequency of K. pneumoniae seeding in high concentrations from fecal samples of children with intestinal infections aged from 1 to 12 months was established (?2 = 14.24; p < 0.001). Analysis of the frequency of K. pneumoniae resistance to antimicrobials revealed its increase to ampicillin/sulbactam from 4.2 ± 1.6% to 9.7 ± 1.9% and to gentamicin from 3.0 ± 1.3% to 7.6 ± 1.7% (p < 0.05) with an increase in the concentration of the pathogen from 3—4 to 5—6 lg CFU/ml. In K. pneumoniae strains isolated in low concentrations, resistance to polyvalent anti-klebsiella bacteriophage was significantly higher than to monovalent bacteriophage. Conclusion. Children of the first year of life belong to the risk group for the development of klebsiella intestinal infection. An increase in the frequency of K. pneumoniae resistance to ampicillin/sulbactam and gentamicin correlates with an increase in the concentration of the pathogen in fecal samples.Цель — совершенствование этиотропной терапии бактериальных ОКИ у детей различных возрастных групп на основе определения резистентности штаммов Klebsiella рneumoniae внебольничного происхождения к антибиотикам и бактериофагам. Материалы и методы. Исследованы 490 штаммов K. pneumoniae, выделенных бактериологическим методом из фекалий от больных кишечными инфекциями различной этиологии в возрасте от 1 месяца до 18 лет в период 2019—2021 гг. Диагноз кишечной инфекции, вызванной K. pneumoniae, устанавливали при обнаружении возбудителя в концентрации не менее 5 lg КОЕ/г (n = 283; 57,8%). Дети с высевом клебсиелл составили три возрастные группы: от 1 до 12 месяцев (n = 245; 50%); от 1 до 3 лет (n = 131; 26,7%); от 3 до 18 лет (n = 114; 23,3%). Результаты. Установлена более высокая частота высевов K. pneumoniae в высоких концентрациях из фекальных проб детей с кишечными инфекциями в возрасте от 1 до 12 месяцев (χ2 = 14,24; p < 0,001). Анализ частоты резистентности K. pneumoniae к антимикробным препаратам выявил ее нарастание к ампициллину/сульбактаму с 4,2 ± 1,6% до 9,7 ± 1,9% и к гентамицину с 3,0 ± 1,3% до 7,6 ± 1,7% (p < 0,05) с повышением концентрации возбудителя от 3—4 до 5—6 lg КОЕ/мл. У штаммов K. pneumoniae, выделенных в низкой концентрации, резистентность к поливалентному антиклебсиеллезному бактериофагу, была значимо выше, чем к моновалентному бактериофагу. Заключение. Дети первого года жизни относятся к группе риска по развитию клебсиеллезной кишечной инфекции. Нарастание частоты резистентности K. pneumoniae к ампициллину/сульбактаму и к гентамицину коррелирует с повышением концентрации возбудителя в пробах фекалий