New spectral functions of the near-ground albedo derived from aircraft diffraction spectrometer observations

The airborne spectral observations of the upward and downward irradiances are revisited to investigate the dependence of the near-ground albedo as a function of wavelength in the entire solar spectrum for different surfaces (sand, water, snow) and under different conditions (clear or cloudy sky). The radiative upward and downward fluxes were determined by a diffraction spectrometer flown on a research aircraft that was performing multiple flight paths near the ground. The results obtained show that the near-ground albedo does not generally increase with increasing wavelengths for all kinds of surfaces as is widely believed today. Particularly, in the case of water surfaces it was found that the albedo in the ultraviolet region is more or less independent of the wavelength on a long-term basis. Interestingly, in the visible and near-infrared spectra the water albedo obeys an almost constant power-law relationship with wavelength. In the case of sand surfaces it was found that the sand albedo is a quadratic function of wavelength, which becomes more accurate if the ultraviolet wavelengths are neglected. Finally, it was found that the spectral dependence of snow albedo behaves similarly to that of water, i.e. both decrease from the ultraviolet to the near-infrared wavelengths by 20–50%, despite the fact that their values differ by one order of magnitude (water albedo being lower). In addition, the snow albedo vs. ultraviolet wavelength is almost constant, while in the visible near-infrared spectrum the best simulation is achieved by a second-order polynomial, as in the case of sand, but with opposite slopes

ПОДАТКОВИЙ ПОТЕНЦІАЛ РЕГІОНУ, ЙОГО ОСОБЛИВОСТІ РОЗВИТКУ І РЕАЛІЗАЦІЇ

The slowdown in economic growth highlights the problem of developing tax capacity at various levels, therefore the article is devoted to the consideration of practical aspects of the assessment of the tax potential. On the example of the Belgorod region, trends in the development and increase of the tax potential were identified, measures of activation of the elements of the structure of the potential, which are essential for the budget, were proposed.The paper uses methods of comparative analysis, analysis of key indicators of tax and non–tax revenues. Conclusions are made on the need to prioritize areas for the development of tax capacity, to increase the region's independence and to create tax conditions for conducting entrepreneurial activity in the territory.Замедление темпов экономического роста выводит на первый план проблемы развития налогового потенциала на различных уровнях, поэтому статья посвящена рассмотрению практических аспектов оценки налогового потенциала. На примере Белгородской области идентифицированы тенденции развития и наращивания налогового потенциала, предложены меры активизации элементов структуры потенциала, которые имеют существенное значение для бюджета.В работе использованы методы сравнительного анализа, анализа ключевых показателей налоговых и неналоговых доходов. Сделаны выводы о необходимости выделения приоритетных направлений для развития налогового потенциала, повышения самостоятельности региона и создания налоговых условий для ведения предпринимательской деятельности на территории. Уповільнення темпів економічного зростання виводить на перший план проблеми розвитку податкового потенціалу на різних рівнях, тому стаття присвячена розгляду практичних аспектів оцінки податкового потенціалу. На прикладі Бєлгородської області ідентифіковані тенденції розвитку та нарощування податкового потенціалу, запропоновано заходи активізації елементів структури потенціалу, які мають істотне значення для бюджету.В роботі використані методи порівняльного аналізу, аналізу ключових показників податкових і неподаткових доходів. Зроблені висновки про необхідність виділення пріоритетних напрямків для розвитку податкового потенціалу, підвищення самостійності регіону та створення податкових умов для ведення підприємницької діяльності на території

Thermobaric synthesis, structure, and properties of Dy x Cu 3V4O12

The perovskite-like compound Dy x Cu3V 4O12 (x = 0.67-0.75) is synthesized under high pressure (P = 4.0-9.0 GPa) and temperature (T = 1000 C). Its crystal structure is determined (Im-3 space group, Z = 2, a = 7.29348(7) Å) by means of powder X-ray diffraction. The basic lengths and bond angles are defined. It is found that the high-pressure phase of Dy x Cu3V 4O12 is characterized by metallic conductivity and paramagnetic properties. © 2013 Allerton Press, Inc

The Rehydration Ability of Whey Ingredients

The purpose of this research was to studythe ability of whey protein concentrates (WPC) and whey permeate produced with ultrafiltration of cheese whey to rehydrate. The products studied were cheese whey concentrate witha PDM percentage of 80% (WPC-80), and cheese whey permeate, both produced under the conditions of the PJSC Dairy “Voronezhsky”.WPC-80 and the whey permeate dissolution processes were studied using microscopy. Water-impermeable hydrophobic layers were formed at the boundary, preventing water penetration into dry particles. The result was a higher dissolution timeforWPC-80 compared with whey permeate. When WPC-80 came into contact with water,it initially formed an obtuse wetting angle with a slow change over time. Whey permeate reached the equilibrium wetting angle more quickly. Quickreconditioning of WPC moisture content required avoiding capillary penetration of water, which created a turbulent liquid flow. The application of these ingredients in different food industry areas can reduce the costs for finished products, contribute to cost-effectiveness, increase the total production, and reduce environmental risks. Keywords: whey protein concentrate, whey permeate powder, water-wetting, dissolutio

Dielectric properties of La2-хSrхNiO4 and La2-xSrxNiyCuyO4 ceramic materials

Research supported by grants from RFBR No14-03-00103 and No16-02-00857

The application of an assisting gas plasma generator for low-temperature magnetron sputtering of Ti-C-Mo-S antifriction coatings on titanium alloys

The positive effect of assisting influence of high-density gas plasma formed by an independent plasma generator PINK on mechanical and tribological characteristics of Ti-C-Mo-S magnetron coating on titanium alloys at lowered to 350°С temperature of coating regardless of alloy structural condition was revealed by methods of calotest, nanorecognition, scratch testing and frictional material tests. The coating formed by means of a combined magnetron plasma method reduces titanium alloys friction coefficient in multiple times and increases wear resistance by two orders of magnitude. At the same time the mechanical properties of ultra-fine-grained titanium alloys obtained by nanostructuring do not deteriorate

Synthesis and characterization of the new high pressure phases A Cu 3 v 4O 12 (A =Gd, Tb, Er)

New ACu3V4O12 (A=Gd, Tb, Er) phases have been prepared at high pressure and high-temperature conditions (P∼8-9 GPa, T∼1000°C) in a toroid-type high pressure cell. These compounds crystallize in the cubic symmetry with a perovskite-like structure. At ambient pressure, they are paramagnetic and have activation-type conductivity. The effect of high pressure (10-50 GPa) on the electrical properties of the materials was analyzed in the temperature range from 78 to 300 K. Pressure ranges of the transition from activation type to metallic conductivity have been determined. The crystal structure of ACu3V4O12 (A=Gd, Tb, Er) was found to be stable up to 50 GPa. © 2013 Copyright Taylor and Francis Group, LLC

Prospects for the drug use based on common ivy for bronchopulmonary pathology in childhood

Respiratory diseases persistently lead in the structure of general morbidity in both children and adolescents. Acute respiratory infections are the most common among them. Interest of pediatricians to phytotherapy is not accidental and is due to the fact that it has a mild therapeutic effect, enhances the effectiveness of complex therapy, has few side effects. Of particular interest are herbal remedies containing ivy extract (Hedera helix), the active ingredients are mainly found in ivy leaves, they are biologically active substances: Triterpene saponins, glycosides, also contain carbohydrates, essential oils, steroids, phenolcarboxylic acids, coumarins, flavonoids, carotenoids, tocopherols (vitamin E), B and C vitamins, tannins, phytoncides. Ivy preparations are prescribed as an expectorant in the treatment of infectious and inflammatory diseases of the upper and lower respiratory tract due to their proven multidirectional effects: secretolytic, mucolytic, bronchospasmolytic. They also have anti-inflammatory, reparative, antioxidant effects.This article presents a clinical example of an officinal ivy-based preparation used in the treatment of a 3.5 year old patient diagnosed with acute respiratory viral infection. Temperature increased to 38 °C, runny nose; on the second day of illness the temperature remained subfebrile and a dry cough appeared. Nasal vasoconstrictor drops and oral acetylcysteine were prescribed, but there was no relief. On the third day of the illness, against the background of subfebrile temperature, the cough persisted, single dry rales were heard in the lungs, wheezing appeared during physical exertion. Acetylcysteine was withdrawn and replaced by ivy-based drops (16 drops 3 times a day orally after meals in a small amount of water). After 2 days the cough was moist, the sputum was easily expectorated, the wheezing in the lungs was almost gone, there was no more wheezing and the temperature was normal. By the sixth day of treatment the cough was gone and the girl had almost recovered. Nevertheless, Gedelix was continued for another 4 days. Prospective results and detailed study of the effects of herbal preparations on the basis of ivy extracts served as the basis for their recommendation as a complex therapy of cough in children

Models of word-formation in loan toponyms in German and French

The peculiarities of German and French toponymic systems are the result of historical and extralinguistic development. The system of word forming patterns and its structural components are represented as a result of the interaction of languages. It allows to analyse German and French toponyms as subsystems of onymiс vocabulary. Loan formants, which determined social-cultural nature of toponyms, are considered. Special attention is paid to the process of onymization of appellatives. Structural modeling of German and French toponyms is presente