UJI AKTIVITAS ANTIMIKROBA EKSTRAK DAN FRAKSI KARANG LUNAK (Sarcophyton sp.) DARI PERAIRAN PULAU BANGKA LIKUPANG TERHADAP PERTUMBUHAN MIKROBA Staphylococcus aureus, Salmonella tyhpimurium, DAN Candida albicans

ABSTRACTSarcophyton sp. is able to produce bioactive materials, the bioactive material contained in Sarcophyton sp., is sarcophine. The purpose of this study is to find out whether the extracts from soft coral Sarcophyton sp., in Bangka Island waters Likupang performed antimicrobial activity against several pathogenic microbes, such as Staphylococcus aureus, Salmonella typhimurium, and Candida albicans. Samples were extracted by maceration method with ethanol solvent and the fractionation method used was liquid-liquid.The antimicrobial activity testing method used in this study is the Kirby and Bauer disc diffusion method. The results obtained from the antimicrobial activity test on Staphylococcus aureus, fractions of n-hexane with result 8.27mm and fractions of chloroform 8.41mm. In Candida albicans , the n-hexane fraction has an 8.18mm and the chloroform fraction 8.06. While for Salmonella typhimurium has no activity. The conclusion of this study it was found that only some fractions have antimicrobial activity and categorized as moderate, such as the fractions of n-hexane and chloroform that only have moderate inhibiting activity against Stapphylococcus aureus and Candida albicans while for Salmonella typhimurium, the extracts and fractions of Sarcophyton sp., has no activity to the way to inhibit these bacteria. Keywords: Sarcophyton sp., Antimicrobial, Staphylococcus aureus, Salmonella tyhpimurium, Candida albicans ABSTRAK Sarcophyton sp. mampu menghasilkan bahan bioaktif, bahan bioaktif yang terdapat pada Sarcophyton sp adalah sarcophine. Tujuan dari penelitian ini yaitu untuk mengetahui apakah ekstrak dari Karang Lunak Sarcophyton sp.,di Perairan Pulau Bangka Likupang memiliki aktivitas antimikroba terhadap beberapa mikroba patogen Staphylococcus aureus, Salmonella typhi, dan Candida albicans. Sampel diekstraksi dengan metode maserasi dengan pelarut etanol dan metode fraksinasi yang digunakan yaitu fraksinasi cair – cair. Metode pengujian aktivitas antimikroba yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini yaitu metode difusi agar (disc diffusion Kirby and Bauer). Hasil yang didapat dari uji aktivitas antimikroba pada bakteri Staphylococcus aureus, fraksi n-heksan mendapatkan hasil 8.27mm dan pada fraksi kloroform 8.41mm. Pada jamur Candida albicans, fraksi n-heksan mendapatkan hasil 8.18mm dan pada fraksi kloroform 8.06mm, sedangkan pada bakteri Salmonella typhi tidak memiliki aktivitas. Kesimpulan dari penelitian ini, hanya sebagian fraksi yang memiliki aktivitas untuk penghambat antimikroba dengan dikategorikan sedang, seperti pada fraksi n-heksan dan klorofom pada bakteri Stapphylococcus aureus dan jamur Candida albicans, sementara untuk bakteri Salmonella tyhpi ekstrak dan fraksi sampel Karang Lunak Sarcophyton sp. tidak memiliki aktivitas untuk menghambat bakteri tersebut. Kata Kunci : Sarcophyton sp., antimikroba, Staphylococcus aureus, Salmonella tyhpimurium, Candida albican

HUBUNGAN ANTARA STATUS SOSIAL EKONOMI DENGAN STATUS GIZI PADA BAYI USIA 6-12 BULAN DI PUSKESMAS KOLONGAN KECAMATAN KALAWAT KABUPATEN MINAHASA UTARA

Status gizi pada bayi dipengaruhi oleh faktor internal dan eksternal. Faktor internal yaitu menyangkut faktor yang ada dalam diri anak yang secara psikologis muncul sebagai masalah makan pada anak sedangkan faktor eksternal menyangkut keterbatasan ekonomi keluarga, sehingga uang yang tersedia tidak cukup untuk membeli makanan. World Health Organization (WHO) menyatakan bahwa sebagian besar anak kurang gizi berasal dari keluarga miskin, anak–anak yang tumbuh dalam suatu keluarga miskin merupakan kelompok yang paling rawan terhadap gizi kurang. Kemiskinan berdampak pada sumber keuangan sehingga mengurangi kesempatan untuk makan yang sehat. Sosial ekonomi merupakan suatu kedudukan yang diatur secara sosial dan menempatkan seseorang pada posisi tertentu dalam masyarakat, pemberian posisi itu disertai pula dengan seperangkat hak dan kewajiban yang harus dimainkan oleh orang yang membawa status tersebut. Diantara 33 provinsi di Indonesia, 19 provinsi memiliki balita gizi kurang di atas angka prevalensi nasional yaitu 19,7% dan Sulawesi utara termasuk dalam 19 provinsi dengan memiliki prevalensi balita gizi kurang 16,5% namun berdasarkan target MDGs tahun 2015 : 15,5% Sulawesi Utara tergolong tidak mencapai sasaran. Laporan penimbangan balita di posyandu di Kabupaten Minahasa Utara diketahui status gizi balita yang gizi baik sebanyak 11364 anak (98,0%), gizi kurang sebanyak 227 anak (19,5 %), gizi buruk sebanyak 3 anak (25,8 %). Penelitian ini menggunakan desain observasional analitik, dengan pendekatan cross sectional yaitu untuk melihat hubungan antara status sosial ekonomi dengan status gizi bayi usia 6-12 bulan. Tidak terdapat hubungan antara status sosial ekonomi dengan status gizi pada bayi usia 6 – 12 bulan.Kata Kunci : Sosial Ekonomi, Status Gizi Bayi ABSTRACTNutritional status in infants is affected by internal and external factors. Internal factors namely concerning factor is inside a child psychologically appears as a problem eating in children whereas external factors concerning the limitations of the family economy, so that the money available is not enough to buy food. The World Health Organization (WHO) States that most of the malnourished children coming from poor families, children who grow up in a poor family is the group most vulnerable to malnutrition. Poverty impact on financial resources so as to reduce the opportunity for healthy eating. The social economy is a position of socially organized and put someone on a certain position in society, granting that position accompanied by a set of rights and obligations that should be played by the person who brings the status such. Among the 33 provinces of Indonesia, 19 provinces have less nutritional toddler above national prevalence i.e. 19.7% and North Sulawesi included in 19 provinces having the prevalence of nutritional toddler less 16.5% but based on the MDGs 2015 year target: 15.5% of North Sulawesi pertained not to reach the target. Report on toddler posyandu weighing in the Regency of Minahasa in North of the known nutritional status a toddler nutrition both as much as 11364 (98.0%), nutrition less as much as 227 children (19.5%), malnutrition is as much as 3 children (25.8%). This research use analytic observational design, with cross sectional approach is to look at the relationship between socio-economic status with the nutritional status of infants aged 6-12 months. There is no relationship between socio-economic status with nutritional status in infants ages 6 – 12 months.Keywords: Socioeconomic, Nutritional Status Of Infant

X-chromosome hyperactivation in mammals via nonlinear relationships between chromatin states and transcription

Dosage compensation in mammals occurs at two levels. In addition to balancing X-chromosome dosage between males and females via X-inactivation, mammals also balance dosage of Xs and autosomes. It has been proposed that X-autosome equalization occurs by upregulation of Xa (active X). To investigate mechanism, we perform allele-specific ChIP-seq for chromatin epitopes and analyze RNA-seq data. The hypertranscribed Xa demonstrates enrichment of active chromatin marks relative to autosomes. We derive predictive models for relationships among POL-II, active mark densities, and gene expression, and suggest that Xa upregulation involves increased transcription initiation and elongation. Enrichment of active marks on Xa does not scale proportionally with transcription output, a disparity explained by nonlinear quantitative dependencies among active histone marks, POL-II occupancy, and transcription. Significantly, the trend of nonlinear upregulation also occurs on autosomes. Thus, Xa upregulation involves combined increases of active histone marks and POL-II occupancy, without invoking X-specific dependencies between chromatin states and transcription

Characterization of the second- and third-order nonlinear optical susceptibilities of monolayer MoS2_2 using multiphoton microscopy

We report second- and third-harmonic generation in monolayer MoS$_\mathrm{2}$ as a tool for imaging and accurately characterizing the material's nonlinear optical properties under 1560 nm excitation. Using a surface nonlinear optics treatment, we derive expressions relating experimental measurements to second- and third-order nonlinear sheet susceptibility magnitudes, obtaining values of $|\chi_s^{(2)}|=2.0\times10^{-20}$ m$^2$ V$^{-1}$ and for the first time for monolayer MoS$_\mathrm{2}$, $|\chi_s^{(3)}|=1.7\times10^{-28}$ m$^3$ V$^{-2}$. These sheet susceptibilities correspond to effective bulk nonlinear susceptibility values of $|\chi_{b}^{(2)}|=2.9\times10^{-11}$ m V$^{-1}$ and $|\chi_{b}^{(3)}|=2.4\times10^{-19}$ m$^2$ V$^{-2}$, accounting for the sheet thickness. Experimental comparisons between MoS$_\mathrm{2}$ and graphene are also performed, demonstrating $\sim$3.4 times stronger third-order sheet nonlinearity in monolayer MoS$_\mathrm{2}$, highlighting the material's potential for nonlinear photonics in the telecommunications C band.Comment: Accepted by 2D Materials, 28th Oct 201

Xist RNA Is a Potent Suppressor of Hematologic Cancer in Mice

SummaryX chromosome aneuploidies have long been associated with human cancers, but causality has not been established. In mammals, X chromosome inactivation (XCI) is triggered by Xist RNA to equalize gene expression between the sexes. Here we delete Xist in the blood compartment of mice and demonstrate that mutant females develop a highly aggressive myeloproliferative neoplasm and myelodysplastic syndrome (mixed MPN/MDS) with 100% penetrance. Significant disease components include primary myelofibrosis, leukemia, histiocytic sarcoma, and vasculitis. Xist-deficient hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) show aberrant maturation and age-dependent loss. Reconstitution experiments indicate that MPN/MDS and myelofibrosis are of hematopoietic rather than stromal origin. We propose that Xist loss results in X reactivation and consequent genome-wide changes that lead to cancer, thereby causally linking the X chromosome to cancer in mice. Thus, Xist RNA not only is required to maintain XCI but also suppresses cancer in vivo

A human embryonic kidney 293T cell line mutated at the Golgi -mannosidase II locus

Disruption of Golgi -mannosidase II activity can result in type II congenital dyserythropoietic anemia and can induce lupus-like autoimmunity in mice. Here, we isolate a mutant human embryonic kidney (HEK) 293T cell line, called Lec36, that displays sensitivity to ricin that lies between the parental HEK 293T cells, whose secreted and membrane-expressed proteins are dominated by complex-type glycosylation, and 293S Lec1 cells, which only produce oligomannose-type N-linked glycans. The stem cell marker, 19A, was transiently expressed in the HEK 293T Lec36 cells, and in parental HEK 293T cells with and without the potent Golgi -mannosidase II inhibitor, swainsonine. Negative-ion nano-electrospray ionization mass spectra of the 19A N-linked glycans from HEK 293T Lec36 and swainsonine-treated HEK 293T cells were qualitatively indistinguishable and, as shown by collision-induced dissociation spectra, dominated by hybrid-type glycosylation. Nucleotide sequencing revealed mutations in each allele of MAN2A1, the gene encoding Golgi -mannosidase II: a point mutation in one allele mapping to the active site and an in-frame deletion of twelve-nucleotides in the other. Expression of wild-type but not the mutant MAN2A1 alleles in Lec36 cells restored processing of the 19A reporter glycoprotein to complex-type glycosylation. The Lec36 cell line will be useful for expressing therapeutic glycoproteins with hybrid-type glycans and provides a sensitive host for detecting mutations in human MAN2A1 causing type II congenital dyserythropoietic anemia