Adipose Tissue Lipolysis Is Upregulated in Lean and Obese Men During Acute Resistance Exercise

OBJECTIVE—To investigate the effect of acute resistance exercise on adipose tissue triacylglycerol lipase activity (TGLA) in lean and obese men

Intensity of Resistance Exercise Determines Adipokine and Resting Energy Expenditure Responses in Overweight Elderly Individuals

OBJECTIVE - To evaluate the time course of leptin, adiponectin, and testing energy expenditure (REE) responses in overweight elderly mates after acute resistance exercise protocols of various intensity configurations. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS - Forty inactive men (65-82 years) were randomly assigned to one of four groups (n = 10/group): control, low-intensity resistance exercise, moderate-intensity resistance exercise, and high-intensity resistance exercise. Exercise energy cost, REE, leptin, adiponectin, cortisol, insulin, lactate, glucose, nonesterified fatty acids (NEFAs), and glycerol were determined at baseline, immediately after exercise, and during a 72-h recovery period. RESULTS - Exercise energy cost was lower in high-intensity than in low-intensity and moderate-intensity groups (221.6 +/- 8.8 vs. 295.6 +/- 10.7 and 281.6 +/- 9.8 kcal, P < 0.001). Lactate, glucose, NEFAs, and glycerol concentrations increased (P < 0.001) after exercise and returned to baseline thereafter in all groups. REE increased (P < 0.001) in all groups at 12 h in an intensity-dependent manner (P < 0.05). REE reached baseline after 48 h in the low- and mode rate-intensity groups and after 72 h in the high-intensity group. Cortisol peaked in all active groups after exercise (P < 0.001) and remained elevated (P < 0.001) for 12 h. After adjustment for plasma volume shifts, leptin remained unaltered. Adiponectin concentration increased after 12 hand remained elevated for 24 h only in the high-intensity group (P < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS - Resistance exercise does not alter circulating leptin concentration but does increase REE and adiponectin in an intensity-dependent manner for as long as 48 and 24 h, respectively, in overweight elderly individuals. It appears that resistance exercise may represent an effective approach for weight management and metabolic control in overweight elderly individuals

Recovery kinetics of knee flexor and extensor strength after a football match

© 2015 The Authors. Published by PLOS. This is an open access article available under a Creative Commons licence. The published version can be accessed at the following link on the publisher’s website: https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0128072We examined the temporal changes of isokinetic strength performance of knee flexor (KF) and extensor (KE) strength after a football match. Players were randomly assigned to a control (N = 14, participated only in measurements and practices) or an experimental group (N = 20, participated also in a football match). Participants trained daily during the two days after the match. Match and training overload was monitored with GPS devices. Venous blood was sampled and muscle damage was assessed pre-match, post-match and at 12h, 36h and 60h post-match. Isometric strength as well as eccentric and concentric peak torque of knee flexors and extensors in both limbs (dominant and non-dominant) were measured on an isokinetic dynamometer at baseline and at 12h, 36h and 60h after the match. Functional (KFecc/KEcon) and conventional (KFcon/KEcon) ratios were then calculated. Only eccentric peak torque of knee flexors declined at 60h after the match in the control group. In the experimental group: a) isometric strength of knee extensors and knee flexors declined (P<0.05) at 12h (both limbs) and 36h (dominant limb only), b) eccentric and concentric peak torque of knee extensors and flexors declined (P<0.05) in both limbs for 36h at 60°/s and for 60h at 180°/s with eccentric peak torque of knee flexors demonstrating a greater (P<0.05) reduction than concentric peak torque, c) strength deterioration was greater (P<0.05) at 180°/s and in dominant limb, d) the functional ratio was more sensitive to match-induced fatigue demonstrating a more prolonged decline. Discriminant and regression analysis revealed that strength deterioration and recovery may be related to the amount of eccentric actions performed during the match and athletes' football-specific conditioning. Our data suggest that recovery kinetics of knee flexor and extensor strength after a football match demonstrate strength, limb and velocity specificity and may depend on match physical overload and players' physical conditioning level.Published versio

Resistance training and detraining effects on flexibility performance in the elderly are intensity-dependent

The present investigation attempted to determine whether resistance exercise intensity affects flexibility and strength performance in the elderly following a 6-month resistance training and detraining period. Fifty-eight healthy, inactive older men (6578 yrs) were randomly assigned to 1 of 4 groups: a control group (C, n = 10), a low-intensity resistance training group (LI, n = 14, 40% of 1 repetition maximum [1RM]), a moderate-intensity resistance training group (MI, n = 12, 60% of 1RM), or a high-intensity resistance training group (HI, n = 14, 80% of 1RM). Subjects in exercise groups followed a 3 days per week whole-body (10 exercises, 3 sets per exercise) protocol for 24 weeks. Training was immediately followed by a 24-week detraining period. Strength (bench and leg press 1RM) and range of motion in trunk, elbow, knee, shoulder, and hip joints were measured at baseline and during training and detraining. Resistance training increased upper- (34% in LI, 48% in MI, and 75% in HI) and lower-body strength (38% in LI 53% in MI, and 63% in HI) in an intensity-dependent manner. Flexibility demonstrated an intensity-dependent enhancement (3-12% in LI, 6-22% in MI, and 8-28% in HI). Detraining caused significant losses in strength (70-98% in LI, 44-50% in MI, and 27-29% in HI) and flexibility (90-110% in LI, 30-71% in MI, and 23-51% in HI) in an intensity-dependent manner. Results indicate that resistance training by itself improves flexibility in the aged. However, intensities greater than 60% of 1RM are more effective in producing flexibility gains, and strength improvement with resistance training is also intensity-dependent. Detraining seems to reverse training strength and flexibility gains in the elderly in an intensity-dependent manner

Time-course of changes in inflammatory and performance responses following a soccer game

Objective: To study the effects of a single soccer game on indices of performance, muscle damage, and inflammation during a 6-day recovery period. Design: Participants were assigned to either an experimental group (E, played in the game; n = 14) or a control group (C, did not participate in the game; n = 10). Setting: Data were collected on a soccer field and at the Physical Education and Sports Science laboratory of the Democritus University of Thrace before and after the soccer game. Participants: Twenty-four elite male soccer players (age, 20.1 ± 0.8 years; height, 1.78 ± 0.08 m; weight, 75.2 ± 6.8 kg). Main outcome measurements: Muscle strength, vertical jumping, speed, DOMS, muscle swelling, leukocyte count, creatine kinase (CK), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), C-reactive protein (CRP), cortisol, testosterone, cytokines IL-6 and IL-1b, thioburbituric acid-reactive substances (TBARS), protein carbnyls (PC), and uric acid (UA). Results: Performance deteriorated 1 to 4 days post-game. An acute-phase inflammatory response consisted of a post-game peak of leukocyte count, cytokines, and cortisol, a 24-hour peak of CRP, TBARS, and DOMS, a 48-hour peak of CK, LDH, and PC, and a 72-hour peak of uric acid. CONCLUSION:: A single soccer game induces short-term muscle damage and marked but transient inflammatory responses. Anaerobic performance seems to deteriorate for as long as 72-hour post-game. The acute phase inflammatory response in soccer appears to follow the same pattern as in other forms of exercise. These results clearly indicate the need of sufficient recovery for elite soccer players after a game

Comparison of three protocols for measuring exercise induced muscle soreness

Introduction Delayed-onset muscle soreness (DOMS) has been defined as a form of muscular hyperalgesia and manifests as pain and stiffness in the muscles several hours after strenuous or unaccustomed exercise (Clarkson et al., 1992). Multiple methods exist to assess the perceived soreness, however there are some limitations such as the standardization of the force applied during palpation and the difference of soreness perceived along the length of the muscle (Newham et al., 1983). The aim of this study was to compare different DOMS assessment protocols in their sensitivity to DOMS and other indicators. Methods Three different protocols of evaluating DOMS were compared in response to: a) a football match, b) a basketball match, c) a handball match, d) acute eccentric exercise, e) acute plyometric exercise, f) a weight training bout, g) acute intense running. DOMS and performance (vertical jumping, speed, maximal strength) were measured at baseline, 12 hours post-exercise as well as 1, 2, 3 and 4 days of recovery. The protocols of DOMS evaluated perceived soreness in quadriceps femoris by palpation a) in the standing position (STAN), b) in the sitting (SIT) position and c) in the standing position following three repetitions of a squat movement (SQUAT). Participants in these studies were a) both males and females, b) pre-adolescents, adolescents, adults and elderly and c) trained and sedentary. Results Data analysis revealed that SQUAT produced higher values than the other two DOMS protocols at 24 (for all exercise modes) and 48 hours (for eccentric exercise and plyometric training) of recovery. This difference was more pronounced in sedentary (vs. trained) and older participants (vs. younger adults and pre-adolescents/adolescents). No differences were noted between males and females. A significantly (p<0.05) higher correlation was observed between changes in SQUAT and performance at 24h and 48h than between changes in STAN and SIT. SQUAT produced higher DOMS values following team sports and running as compared to other exercise modes. Discussion The results of this study indicate that DOMS measurement following three squat repetitions may provide a more sensitive measure of muscle damage development following various exercise modes. References Clarkson, P.M., Nosaka, K. & Braun, B. (1992). Muscle function after exercise-induced muscle damage and rapid adaptation

Leptin and adiponectin responses in overweight inactive elderly following resistance training and detraining are intensity related

Context: Adiponectin and leptin are closely related to weight control and energy balance, whereas exercise affects elderly metabolic regulation and functional capacity. Objective: The objective of this study was to investigate leptin and adiponectin responses in elderly males after exercise training and detraining. Design: The study design was a 1- yr randomized controlled trial. Setting: The study was performed at the Laboratory of Physical Education and Sport Science Department. Participants: Fifty inactive men [ age, 65 - 78 yr; body mass index ( BMI), 28.7 - 30.2 kg/ m(2)] were recruited from a volunteer database by word of mouth and fliers sent to medical practitioners, physiotherapists, and nursing homes in the local community. Intervention( s): Participants were randomly assigned to a control ( n = 10), low- intensity ( n = 14), moderate- intensity ( n = 12), or high- intensity training ( HI; n = 14) group. Resistance training ( 6 months, 3 d/ wk, 10 exercises/ three sets) was followed by 6 months of detraining. Main Outcome Measure( s): Strength, exercise energy cost, skinfold sum, body weight, maximal oxygen consumption, resting metabolic rate ( RMR), and plasma leptin and adiponectin were determined at baseline and after training and detraining. Results: Strength, maximal oxygen consumption, RMR, and exercise energy cost increased ( P < 0.05) after training in an intensity-dependent manner. Skinfold sum and BMI were reduced by resistance training ( P < 0.05), with HI being more effective ( P < 0.05) than moderate- intensity/ low- intensity training. Leptin was diminished ( P < 0.05) by all treatments, whereas adiponectin increased ( P < 0.05) only in HI. Detraining maintained training- induced changes only in HI. The percent leptin decrease was associated ( P < 0.05) with the percent BMI decrease and the percent RMR increase, whereas the percent adiponectin increase was associated ( P < 0.05) with the percent BMI decrease. Conclusions: Resistance training and detraining may alter leptin and adiponectin responses in an intensity- dependent manner. Leptin and adiponectin changes were strongly associated with RMR and anthropometric changes