New spectral functions of the near-ground albedo derived from aircraft diffraction spectrometer observations

The airborne spectral observations of the upward and downward irradiances are revisited to investigate the dependence of the near-ground albedo as a function of wavelength in the entire solar spectrum for different surfaces (sand, water, snow) and under different conditions (clear or cloudy sky). The radiative upward and downward fluxes were determined by a diffraction spectrometer flown on a research aircraft that was performing multiple flight paths near the ground. The results obtained show that the near-ground albedo does not generally increase with increasing wavelengths for all kinds of surfaces as is widely believed today. Particularly, in the case of water surfaces it was found that the albedo in the ultraviolet region is more or less independent of the wavelength on a long-term basis. Interestingly, in the visible and near-infrared spectra the water albedo obeys an almost constant power-law relationship with wavelength. In the case of sand surfaces it was found that the sand albedo is a quadratic function of wavelength, which becomes more accurate if the ultraviolet wavelengths are neglected. Finally, it was found that the spectral dependence of snow albedo behaves similarly to that of water, i.e. both decrease from the ultraviolet to the near-infrared wavelengths by 20–50%, despite the fact that their values differ by one order of magnitude (water albedo being lower). In addition, the snow albedo vs. ultraviolet wavelength is almost constant, while in the visible near-infrared spectrum the best simulation is achieved by a second-order polynomial, as in the case of sand, but with opposite slopes

Качественное образование – детерминанта прироста интеллектуального потенциала страны

Quality is the key problem of the Russian education system as a whole and higher vocational training in particular, the level and quality of the later determining the growth of intellectual potential of the state, andconsequently its effective economic development and competitiveness. In the last years, Russian higher schools have lost their position in the international educational service market as the result of several premature reforms. The paper denotes the findings of sociological research, conducted in Moscow pedagogical universities, and aimed at analyzing the factors adversely affecting the quality of educational institutions, students’ satisfaction, and transparency of educational management. The survey involved the total respondent number of 881, including both the academic staff and full-time students. Sociological diagnostics based on the above monitoring research revealed the multi-factorial determinant of the high quality educational institution. The research findings emphasize the complexity of problem solving related to fostering the country’s intellectual potential, and the need for informal and systematic quality control. The research data can be of interest to sociology experts, educational management and academic staff.Качество образования – ключевая проблема российского образования в целом и системы высшей профессиональной подготовки в особенности. От уровня качества этой сферы зависит прирост интеллектуального потенциала государства, а значит, успешное поступательное развитие его экономики и конкурентоспособность. За последние годы в силу ряда причин, среди которых на первом месте череда бесконечных непродуманных реформ, российские вузы серьезно утратили свои позиции на международном рынке образовательных услуг. В статье представлены результаты проведенного в гуманитарно-педагогических московских вузах полевого социологического исследования, в ходе которого анализировались факторы, оказывающие дестабилизирующие влияние на состояние высшей школы. Выяснялась степень удовлетворенности основных акторов образовательного процесса качеством преподавания в учебных заведениях, определялось, как влияет на качество «прозрачность» управления подготовкой специалистов. Информантами выступали как «производители образовательных услуг» – представители профессорско-преподавательского корпуса, так и «потребители» этих услуг – студенты II–IV курсов очной формы обучения. В целом выборочная совокупность респондентов составила 881 человек.Социологическая диагностика, осуществленная на основе мониторингового исследования, позволила выявить многофакторную детерминированность института качественного образования. Это подчеркивает комплексный характер решения задачи формирования интеллектуального потенциала и необходимость систематического неформального социального контроля со стороны основных субъектов профессионального образования. Чтобы справиться с существующими проблемами, недостаточно только административных циркуляров и указаний о модернизации или реформировании высшей школы. Принимая какие-либо меры, следует учитывать и то, что, несмотря на относительную независимость друг от друга некоторых факторов, обусловливающих процесс накопления интеллектуального потенциала, любое необоснованное изменение одного из них может повлечь за собой нежелательную трансформацию других. Материалы статьи могут представлять научный и практический интерес для специалистов, работающих в сфере социологии образования,а также для руководства и членов профессорско-преподавательского состава вузов

The research activity of the university teachers: directions, results, and prospects. Sociological content

The main purpose of an integrated monitoring research is the analysis of the main directions of research activity of faculty, staff and young scientists of the university.Methods. Scientific and theoretical analysis of publications on the researched topic are used as basic methods; sociological and diagnostic data collection methods; the method of statistical processing and classification of documentary and empirical data; the methods of content analysis and quantification of documentary and sociological information.Scientific novelty. The research is characterized by an integrated approach to the study of the problem: the basic provisions are analyzed; conclusions and recommendations of reports on research projects made by members of temporary research teams (or, university scientists and teaching staff). The classification (depending on the translation vectors results) of dissertation works of graduate students, doctoral candidates is carried out in the course of the present study. Documentary information about the publication and presentation of scientific and pedagogical staff of the university is systematized; the report and information cards on the activities of innovative platforms are analyzed. The research team, with the direct participation of the author, after studying a few scientific publications on the subject, has developed an original method of complex research of the main directions of research activity of university scientists.Results. The presented research has allowed to note publication and innovative activity of the research and educational personnel, along with other its types, can act as the indicators characterizing the main directions of research activity both of higher education institution in general, and its concrete educational and scientific divisions. At the same, time the author emphasizes that efficiency of research process is caused not so much by quantitative as qualitative characteristics of concrete research staff, its vocational, scientific and creative potential.Practical significance. This approach can be used while studying the issues of pragmatic use of the main directions of research activity results in higher education in various fields. At the same time, the conclusions and recommendations as a result of this integrated monitoring study can serve as a basis for the development and management decisions aimed at improving the scientific and practical potential of university research in general and its specific areas.Основной целью комплексного мониторингового исследования, об одном из этапов которого идет речь в статье, стал разбор основных направлений научно-исследовательской деятельности (НИД) преподавателей, кадровых и молодых ученых вуза. Методы исследования. В качестве базовых были использованы метод научно-теоретического анализа публикаций по исследуемой проблеме, социолого-диагностические методы сбора информации, метод статистической обработки и классификации документальных и эмпирических данных, методы контент-анализа и квантификации документальной и социологической информации. Научная новизна исследования характеризуется комплексным подходом к изучению поставленной проблемы: были проанализированы основные положения, выводы и рекомендации отчетов по научно-исследовательским работам, выполненным вузовскими учеными и педагогическими работниками. В ходе проведения исследования была осуществлена (в зависимости от векторов трансляции результатов) классификация диссертационных работ аспирантов, соискателей и докторантов. Наряду с этим систематизирована документальная информация о публикациях и выступлениях научно-педагогических работников вуза, проанализированы отчетно-информационные карты о деятельности инновационных площадок и др. Исследовательский коллектив при непосредственном участии автора, изучив немногочисленные научные публикации по данной теме, разработал оригинальную методику комплексного измерения НИД вузовских ученых. Результаты исследования позволили констатировать тот факт, что публикационная и инновационная деятельность научно-педагогических кадров, наряду с другими ее видами, могут выступать показателями, характеризующими НИД как вуза в целом, так и его конкретных учебных и научных подразделений. При этом автор подчеркивает, что эффективность научно-исследовательского процесса обусловлена не столько количественными, сколько качественными характеристиками конкретного исследовательского коллектива, его профессионально-квалификационным, научным и креативным потенциалом. Практическая значимость проведенного исследования состоит в том, что данный подход может быть использован при изучении вопросов прагматического использования результатов НИД в вузах различного профиля. При этом выводы и рекомендации могут служить обоснованием для выработки и принятия управленческих решений, направленных на повышение научно-практического потенциала вузовской науки в целом и ее конкретных направлени

Принцип соразмерности и строгая ответственность футбольных клубов за поведение болельщиков в соревнованиях УЕФА

The subject. This article is devoted to the content of the principle of proportionality in disputes about the strict liability of football clubs for the behavior of spectators. The proportionality means that the sanction corresponds to the offense and it has two dimensions. Firstly, the more serious the offense is the higher the sanction should be. Secondly, proportionality protects sport from unreasonably low sanctions while the violation is serious.The purpose of the study is the content of the principle of proportionality: the use of related principles of sports jurisprudence, exceptional circumstances (mitigating and aggravating) in the practice of applying clubs` strict liability for spectators` behavior in UEFA competitions over the period 2007-2021. Liability without fault increases the value of investigating the factual circumstances of a dispute. The broad discretion of the bodies raises the question of the validity of the choice of aggravating circumstances or the refusal of mitigating circumstances. Therefore, the jurisdictional authority in each specific dispute must search for exceptional circumstances thereby fulfilling the principle of proportionality. The second important nuance of strict liability in the UEFA regulations is the difference in the interconnection between violations and sanctions. In some articles, the sanction is predetermined. It is possible to reduce such a sanction only in the presence of an exceptional circumstance and to increase it in the presence of an aggravating circumstance. Separately considered, in conjunction with the principle of proportionality, other principles: principles of predictability of sanctions, equal treatment, the precedent value of decisions on similar disputes (stare decisis).Methodology. The methodological basis of the stated research involves the generalization and analysis of the practice of two institutions of sports jurisprudence. Firstly, the jurisdictional bodies of UEFA are publicly available, as well as available to the author, but currently not available for free download on the UEFA website. Secondly, the relevant decisions of the Court of Arbitration for Sport are in the public domain. Turning to the approaches of law enforcement officers regarding the content of the principle of proportionality meant comparing positions that did not differ in inconsistency. As a result of the analysis of the practice were systematized and identified typical exceptional circumstances, unique exceptional circumstances, and specific enforcement of the principle of proportionality.The main results of research and the field of their application. The article examined the normative limits of sanctions in the UEFA Disciplinary Regulations; exceptional circumstances affecting the choice of sanction; search by the law enforcement officer of the content of exceptional circumstances; principles of predictability of sanctions, equal treatment, the precedent value of decisions on similar disputes (stare decisis) in connection with the verification of sanctions for proportionality. Compliance with the principle of proportionality, in this case, should protect the club from an unreasonably harsh and grossly disproportional sanction. Therefore, it is important to analyze the factual circumstances: which of them are mitigating and which are aggravating. In other categories of offenses, the sanction remains at the discretion of the jurisdictional authority. In such violations, the principle of proportionality takes on a special value. The more flexibility in the choice of sanction is, the higher is the risk of abuse by the jurisdictional bodes. UEFA`s enforcement practice is seeking exceptional circumstances that are not consistent enough to be predictable. Some consistency exists only concerning aggravating circumstances. There is an unreasonably strict approach to mitigating circumstances. The practice of CAS does not differ from the practice of UEFA in terms of strict liability compositions. The principle of proportionality in sports jurisprudence can be interconnected with other legal concepts. Such concepts are equal treatment, predictability, and so-called stare decisis.Conclusions. For the slightly undisputed observance of the principle of proportionality, several requirements must be fulfilled. First, analyze the factual circumstances to find exceptional circumstances among them. Secondly, always choose the minimum sanction in the absence of aggravating circumstances, since strict liability is a forced legal institution. Thirdly, indicate in the decisions what circumstances are mitigating, what aggravating circumstances have been established, and how they both affect the choice of a sanction. Fourth, use the previous decisions of the UEFA`s jurisdictional bodies and CAS of the strict liability offenses when the actual circumstances are close.Рассмотрено применение принципа соразмерности – одной из основ спортивной юриспруденции – по делам о строгой ответственности футбольных клубов за поведение болельщиков, не предполагающей доказывание вины. Ответственность без вины повышает ценность исследования фактических обстоятельств дисциплинарного спора. Автором проанализирована практика применения строгой ответственности клубов за поведение зрителей в соревнованиях УЕФА начиная с 2007 г. Для соблюдения принципа соразмерности санкций предлагается использовать несколько обязательных шагов: 1) проанализировать фактические обстоятельства, чтобы найти среди них исключительные обстоятельства; 2) указывать в правоприменительных решениях, какие обстоятельства являются смягчающими, какие отягчающие обстоятельства установлены и как они в совокупности влияют на выбор санкции; 3) всегда выбирать минимальную санкцию при отсутствии отягчающих обстоятельств, поскольку строгая ответственность является вынужденным правовым институтом; 4) использовать предыдущие решения юрисдикционных органов УЕФА и CAS по данному составу проступка, когда фактические обстоятельства являются близкими (не обязательно такие обстоятельства должны быть аналогичными)

Цели спортивных санкций за поведение болельщиков: неоднозначность практики УЕФА в отношении футбольных клубов

The subject. The objectives of strict club liability for spectators’ behavior are not mentioned in the provisions of the UEFA Disciplinary Regulations. Strict liability implies the responsibility of clubs, regardless of the presence of fault for the actions of third parties – their spectators. Therefore, the question of the purpose of sanctions acquires additional actuality: a sanction cannot only have a punitive effect in the absence of the subject’s fault.The purpose of the study. The variety of sporting sanctions and the wide range of their application creates risks of excessive coercion against football clubs. It is necessary to consider the preventive and deterrent purposes of sports sanctions, without which sports liability is deprived of the sign of certainty for the subjects of sport and turns into the arbitrariness of the soccer authorities.Methodology. In an attempt to find references to sanctions targets under strict liability we analyzed the available practice of the UEFA bodies from 2013 to 2021 (a massive of several hundred decisions of the UEFA Control, Disciplinary and Ethics Commission, the UEFA Appeals Commission). Due to the dispute resolution system existing in European football our research could not be carried out without referring to the decisions of the Court of Arbitration for Sport (CAS) for the period 2002-2020.The main results of research and the field of their application. A serious obstacle to the consistent practice of disputes about the responsibility of clubs for the behavior of spectators is the ambiguity of the terminology used and the doctrinal approaches of law enforcement officers. In decisions we can come across a mention of a preventive effect; preventive and   deterrent   effect;   preventive   and   educational   effect   of   sanctions.   The   study found that the current sports justice’s practice of applying strict liability to football clubs has two main problems. Firstly, the UEFA bodies have not established an understanding of who is the subject of the focus of the sanctions. In the disputes examined, two target audiences for sanctions under strict liability are named: clubs and spectators. Secondly, different disputes have emphasized different goals of sports sanctions. The combined approach has not yet been formulated. We have tried to fix these problems.Conclusions. The goals of strict liability and applied sports sanctions in the UEFA perimeter should not differ: preventive and deterrent, and only in the last – punitive. The need for an unambiguous choice of the football entity targeted by sports sanctions will be the first step to take into account the set of aims of the sports sanctions applied to clubs: preventive, deterrent and punitive. Despite decades of UEFA practice in the application of strict liability, there is still uncertainty as to how a sanction will have the expected effect on the spectators. Limiting UEFA to private prevention in determining the sanction and its size in club competitions does not fully fulfill the mission of sports justice. Even if the sanctions imposed on clubs under strict liability have not been verified by a UEFA jurisdictional body to take into account a set of objectives, CAS is entitled to carry out such verification. An additional difficulty arises due to the ambiguity of terminology (and ideology) regarding the objectives of sanctions in sports justice’s practice.Цели санкций в рамках строгой ответственности клубов за поведение болельщиков не упоминаются в положениях Дисциплинарного регламента УЕФА. Строгая ответственность предполагает ответственность клубов вне зависимости от наличия вины за действия третьих лиц – своих болельщиков. Поэтому вопрос о целях санкций приобретает дополнительную актуальность: санкция не может иметь только карательный эффект в отсутствии вины субъекта. Необходимо учитывать превентивную и сдерживающую цели спортивных санкций, без которых спортивная ответственность лишается признака определенности для субъектов спорта и превращается в произвол футбольных властей. Многообразие спортивных санкций и широкий диапазон их применения, доступные правоприменителю, создают риски чрезмерного принуждения в отношении футбольных клубов. Серьезным препятствием для последовательной практики споров об ответственности клубов за поведение болельщиков является неоднозначность используемой терминологии и доктринальных подходов правоприменителей. В попытке найти упоминание целей санкций в рамках строгой ответственности мы проанализировали доступную правоприменительную практику юрисдикционных органов УЕФА с 2013 по 2021 г. (массив нескольких сотен решений Контрольно-дисциплинарной и этической комиссии, Апелляционной комиссии УЕФА). В силу существующей в европейском футболе системы разрешения споров, наше исследование не могло быть проведено без обращения к решениям Спортивного арбитражного суда (CAS) за 2002-2020 гг

Thermal compression of two-dimensional atomic hydrogen to quantum degeneracy

We describe experiments where 2D atomic hydrogen gas is compressed thermally at a small "cold spot" on the surface of superfluid helium and detected directly with electron-spin resonance. We reach surface densities up to 5e12 1/cm^2 at temperatures of approximately 100 mK corresponding to the maximum 2D phase-space density of about 1.5. By independent measurements of the surface density and its decay rate we make the first direct determination of the three-body recombination rate constant and get the value of 2e-25 cm^4/s for its upper bound, which is an order of magnitude smaller than previously reported experimental results.Comment: 4 pages, 4 postscript figures, bibliography (.bbl) file, submitted to PR

Quantum memory for images - a quantum hologram

Matter-light quantum interface and quantum memory for light are important ingredients of quantum information protocols, such as quantum networks, distributed quantum computation, etc. In this Letter we present a spatially multimode scheme for quantum memory for light, which we call a quantum hologram. Our approach uses a multi-atom ensemble which has been shown to be efficient for a single spatial mode quantum memory. Due to the multi-atom nature of the ensemble it is capable of storing many spatial modes, a feature critical for the present proposal. A quantum hologram has a higher storage capacity compared to a classical hologram, and is capable of storing quantum features of an image, such as multimode superposition and entangled quantum states, something that a standard hologram is unable to achieve. Due to optical parallelism, the information capacity of the quantum hologram will obviously exceed that of a single-mode scheme.Comment: 5 pages, 3 figure

Adsorption and two-body recombination of atomic hydrogen on 3^3He-4^4He mixture films

We present the first systematic measurement of the binding energy $E_a$ of hydrogen atoms to the surface of saturated $^3$He-$^4$He mixture films. $E_a$ is found to decrease almost linearly from 1.14(1) K down to 0.39(1) K, when the population of the ground surface state of $^3$He grows from zero to $6\times10^{14}$ cm$^{-2}$, yielding the value $1.2(1)\times 10^{-15}$ K cm$^2$ for the mean-field parameter of H-$^3$He interaction in 2D. The experiments were carried out with overall $^3$He concentrations ranging from 0.1 ppm to 5 % as well as with commercial and isotopically purified $^4$He at temperatures 70...400 mK. Measuring by ESR the rate constants $K_{aa}$ and $K_{ab}$ for second-order recombination of hydrogen atoms in hyperfine states $a$ and $b$ we find the ratio $K_{ab}/K_{aa}$ to be independent of the $^3$He content and to grow with temperature.Comment: 4 pages, 4 figures, all zipped in a sigle file. Submitted to Phys. Rev. Let