Determination of the X-Ray Diffraction Curve of Amorphous Phase

The method for determination of diffraction pattern of amorphous phase existing in a multiphase system has been described. In the course of analysis several samples containing different amounts of amorphous as well as crystalline phases have been involved according to the general theory for phase analysis. The method is based on the difference in convergence of Fourier series by which diffraction patterns of multiphase samples and of individual phases of these samples are defined, since diffraction pattern of amorphous phase exhibits stronger convergent Fourier series than diffraction pattern of crystalline phase. The method is illustrated by three-phase model system containing one amorphous phase

Nomenclature note Definitions of Terms Relating to Crystalline Polymers (IUPAC Recommendations 2011)

Dane se preporuke tiču nazivlja koje se odnosi na strukturu i morfologiju kristalnih polimera i na procese kristalizacije polimera. Primjenjivi su na slučajeve u kojima su polimerni kristali znatan udio sustava i ponajprije s kristalnim strukturama koje se sastoje od polimernih lanaca s ograničenom statičkom ili dinamičkom neuređenošću. Nakon nekih općih definicija, definirani su nazivi koji pripadaju strukturnim uređenjima na subnanometarskim razinama i kristalnim strukturama polimera. Nazivi koji se odnose na molekulne konformacije unutar polimernih kristala, morfološka gledišta i kristalizaciju polimera dani su u sljedećim odjeljcima.Recommendations are given concerning the terminology relating to the structure and the morphology of crystalline polymers and the processes of polymer crystallization. They are applicable to cases where polymer crystals are a significant fraction of a system and primarily with crystal structures that are comprised of polymer chains with limited, static, or dynamic disorder. After some general definitions, terms pertaining to structural arrangements at subnanometric scales and to polymer crystal structures are defined. Terms relating to molecular conformation within polymer crystals, morphological aspects, and polymer crystallization are given in subsequent sections

Nomenclature note Definitions of Terms Relating to Crystalline Polymers (IUPAC Recommendations 2011)

Dane se preporuke tiču nazivlja koje se odnosi na strukturu i morfologiju kristalnih polimera i na procese kristalizacije polimera. Primjenjivi su na slučajeve u kojima su polimerni kristali znatan udio sustava i ponajprije s kristalnim strukturama koje se sastoje od polimernih lanaca s ograničenom statičkom ili dinamičkom neuređenošću. Nakon nekih općih definicija, definirani su nazivi koji pripadaju strukturnim uređenjima na subnanometarskim razinama i kristalnim strukturama polimera. Nazivi koji se odnose na molekulne konformacije unutar polimernih kristala, morfološka gledišta i kristalizaciju polimera dani su u sljedećim odjeljcima.Recommendations are given concerning the terminology relating to the structure and the morphology of crystalline polymers and the processes of polymer crystallization. They are applicable to cases where polymer crystals are a significant fraction of a system and primarily with crystal structures that are comprised of polymer chains with limited, static, or dynamic disorder. After some general definitions, terms pertaining to structural arrangements at subnanometric scales and to polymer crystal structures are defined. Terms relating to molecular conformation within polymer crystals, morphological aspects, and polymer crystallization are given in subsequent sections

Critical assessment of the elemental composition of Corning archeological reference glasses by LA-ICP-MS

Corning archeological reference glasses A, B, C, and D have been made to simulate different historic technologies of glass production and are used as standards in historic glass investigations. In this work, nanoseconds (193, 266 nm) and femtosecond (800 nm) laser ablation were used to study the elemental composition of Corning glasses using laser ablation inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. The determined concentrations of 26 oxides (Li2O, B2O3, Na2O, MgO, Al2O3, SiO2, P2O5, K2O, CaO, TiO2, V2O5, Cr2O3, MnO, Fe2O3, CoO, NiO, CuO, ZnO, Rb2O, SrO, ZrO2, SnO2, Sb2O5, BaO, PbO, Bi2O3) are compared with values reported in the literature. Results show variable discrepancies between the data, with the largest differences found for Cr2O3 in Corning A; Li2O, B2O3, and Cr2O3 in Corning B; and MnO, Sb2O5, Cr2O3, and Bi2O3 in Corning C. The best agreement between the measured and literature values was found for Corning D. However, even for this reference, glass re-evaluation of the data was necessary and new values for PbO, BaO, and Bi2O3 are proposed

Dynamic and Assembly Characteristics of Deep-Cavity Basket Acting as a Host for Inclusion Complexation of Mitoxantrone in Biotic and Abiotic Systems

We describe the preparation, dynamic, assembly characteristics of vase-shaped basket 13− along with its ability to form an inclusion complex with anticancer drug mitoxantrone in abiotic and biotic systems. This novel cavitand has a deep nonpolar pocket consisting of three naphthalimide sides fused to a bicyclic platform at the bottom while carrying polar glycines at the top. The results of 1H Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR), 1H NMR Chemical Exchange Saturation Transfer (CEST), Calorimetry, Hybrid Replica Exchange Molecular Dynamics (REMD), and Microcrystal Electron Diffraction (MicroED) measurements are in line with 1 forming dimer [12]6−, to be in equilibrium with monomers 1(R)3− (relaxed) and 1(S)3− (squeezed). Through simultaneous line-shape analysis of 1H NMR data, kinetic and thermodynamic parameters characterizing these equilibria were quantified. Basket 1(R)3− includes anticancer drug mitoxantrone (MTO2+) in its pocket to give stable binary complex [MTO⊂1]− (Kd=2.1 μM) that can be precipitated in vitro with UV light or pH as stimuli. Both in vitro and in vivo studies showed that the basket is nontoxic, while at a higher proportion with respect to MTO it reduced its cytotoxicity in vitro. With well-characterized internal dynamics and dimerization, the ability to include mitoxantrone, and biocompatibility, the stage is set to develop sequestering agents from deep-cavity baskets

Dermacentor reticulatus: a vector on the rise

Dermacentor reticulatus is a hard tick species with extraordinary biological features. It has a high reproduction rate, a rapid developmental cycle, and is also able to overcome years of unfavourable conditions. Dermacentor reticulatus can survive under water for several months and is cold-hardy even compared to other tick species. It has a wide host range: over 60 different wild and domesticated hosts are known for the three active developmental stages. Its high adaptiveness gives an edge to this tick species as shown by new data on the emergence and establishment of D. reticulatus populations throughout Europe. The tick has been the research focus of a growing number of scientists, physicians and veterinarians. Within the Web of Science database, more than a fifth of the over 700 items published on this species between 1897 and 2015 appeared in the last three years (2013–2015). Here we attempt to synthesize current knowledge on the systematics, ecology, geographical distribution and recent spread of the species and to highlight the great spectrum of possible veterinary and public health threats it poses. Canine babesiosis caused by Babesia canis is a severe leading canine vector-borne disease in many endemic areas. Although less frequently than Ixodes ricinus, D. reticulatus adults bite humans and transmit several Rickettsia spp., Omsk haemorrhagic fever virus or Tick-borne encephalitis virus. We have not solely collected and reviewed the latest and fundamental scientific papers available in primary databases but also widened our scope to books, theses, conference papers and specialists colleagues’ experience where needed. Besides the dominant literature available in English, we also tried to access scientific literature in German, Russian and eastern European languages as well. We hope to inspire future research projects that are necessary to understand the basic life-cycle and ecology of this vector in order to understand and prevent disease threats. We conclude that although great strides have been made in our knowledge of the eco-epidemiology of this species, several gaps still need to be filled with basic research, targeting possible reservoir and vector roles and the key factors resulting in the observed geographical spread of D. reticulatus. ELECTRONIC SUPPLEMENTARY MATERIAL: The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s13071-016-1599-x) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users

Definitions of Terms Relating to Crystalline Polymers (IUPAC Recommendations 2011)

Recommendations are given concerning the terminology relating to the structure and the morphology of crystalline polymers and the processes of polymer crystallization. They are applicable to cases where polymer crystals are a significant fraction of a system and primarily with crystal structures that are comprised of polymer chains with limited, static, or dynamic disorder. After some general definitions, terms pertaining to structural arrangements at subnanometric scales and to polymer crystal structures are defined. Terms relating to molecular conformation within polymer crystals, morphological aspects, and polymer crystallization are given in subsequent sections

Determination of the X-ray diffraction curve of amorphous phase

The method for determination of diffraction pattern of amorphous phase existing in a multiphase system has been described. In the course of analysis several samples containing different amounts of amorphous as well as crystalline phases have been involved according to the general theory for phase analysis. The method is based on the difference in convergence of Fourier series by which diffraction patterns of multiphase samples and of individual phases of these samples are defined, since diffraction pattern of amorphous phase exhibits stronger convergent Fourier series than diffraction pattern of crystalline phase. The method is illustrated by three-phase model system containing one amorphous phase

Morphology of PP/PS blends compatibilized with SBS block copolymer

Nemešljivi polimerni mešanici polipropilena (PP) in polistirena (PS) smo dodajali blokkopolimer poli(stiren-b-butadien-b-stiren) (SBS) kot kompatibilizator. S presevno elektronsko mikroskopijo (TEM) in širokokotno rentgensko difrakcijo (WAXD) smo preučevali morfologijo binarnih mešanic PP/PSin PP/SBS ter ternarnih mešanic PP/PS/SBS. TEM-analiza je pokazala, da so v matični fazi PP dispergirani agregirani delci PS, ki jih obdaja SBS. SBS istočasno povezuje matično in dispergirano fazo. Z WAXD analizo je bilo ugotovljeno, da poleg tega dodatek SBS k homopolimeru PP in mešanicam PP/PS sistematično spreminja stopnjo kristaliničnosti in velikost ter orientacijo kristalitov PP, kar kaže na nedvomni vpliv SBS na kristalizacijo PP.Morphological properties of immiscible blends of polypropylene (PP) and polystyrene (PS) with poly(styrene-b-butadiene-b-styrene) (SBS) block copolymer as a compatibilizer were studied by transmission electron microscopy(TEM) and wide angle X-ray diffraction (WAXD). TEM analysis revealed that in PP matrix dispersed aggregated PS particles are joined together with SBS shells. SBS also improves the adhesion between matrix and dispersed phase. addition of SBS to pure PP, or to PP/PS blends, changes degree of crystallinity, crystallite size and orientation systematically, indicating an obvious influence of SBS on PP crystallization behavior