When Is Higher Neuroticism Protective Against Death? Findings From UK Biobank

We examined the association between neuroticism and mortality in a sample of 321,456 people from UK Biobank and explored the influence of self-rated health on this relationship. After adjustment for age and sex, a 1- SD increment in neuroticism was associated with a 6% increase in all-cause mortality (hazard ratio = 1.06, 95% confidence interval = [1.03, 1.09]). After adjustment for other covariates, and, in particular, self-rated health, higher neuroticism was associated with an 8% reduction in all-cause mortality (hazard ratio = 0.92, 95% confidence interval = [0.89, 0.95]), as well as with reductions in mortality from cancer, cardiovascular disease, and respiratory disease, but not external causes. Further analyses revealed that higher neuroticism was associated with lower mortality only in those people with fair or poor self-rated health, and that higher scores on a facet of neuroticism related to worry and vulnerability were associated with lower mortality. Research into associations between personality facets and mortality may elucidate mechanisms underlying neuroticism's covert protection against death

Reparation of the damaged forging hammer mallet by hard facing and weld cladding

In this paper the problems related to the maintenance of large forging mallets of pneumatic hammers including hard facing of cracked or worn working surfaces are considered. Actually, the choice of optimum technology for the reparation of hard facing of the broken forging press frame and cracked mallet of the forging pneumatic hammer are taken into consideration

Reparation of the damaged forging hammer mallet by hard facing and weld cladding

In this paper the problems related to the maintenance of large forging mallets of pneumatic hammers including hard facing of cracked or worn working surfaces are considered. Actually, the choice of optimum technology for the reparation of hard facing of the broken forging press frame and cracked mallet of the forging pneumatic hammer are taken into consideration

Energetic analysis of hard facing and weld cladding of an air powered drop hammer damaged ram

This paper studies problems of hard facing of damaged and initially cracked mechanical engineering heavy parts of complex geometry such as large rams of air powered drop hammers. During long-term exploitation, these parts are subjected to thermal fatigue due to cyclic temperature changes and variable impact compression. Taking into consideration high ram costs and difficulties to purchase ram, the necessity of its reparation becomes obvious. The choices of the most suitable technologies of hard facing and welding of an initially cracked ram are also studied here. Besides the techno-economic analysis, an energetic analysis is performed as an additional criterion in assessment of the proposed technology

Estimates of weldability and selection of the optimal procedure and technology for welding of high strength steels

High strength steels belong into a group of high quality steels, with exceptional mechanical properties, especially in regards to tensile strength. At the same time, as their deficiency is emphasized the limited and difficult weldability. In other words, some of those steels are weldable only with application of special measures related to controlled heat input. In that way, the favorable mechanical properties can be kept within the heat affected zone, with condition that the optimal welding technology is selected. Existing, very scarce and often unclear and insufficient recommendations for selection of the optimal welding technology are one of the causes of large number of flaws in welded joints. Mentioned problems, as well as others, can be successfully solved by proper selection of the procedure, filler metal and technology of welding, verified by experiments conducted in laboratory or in real operating conditions. Those experiments can not be performed in arbitrary conditions. Thus, partially due to results reported in this paper, technologists will obtain the possibility to predict in advance, in a very short time period, the mechanical and metallurgical properties of joints of this class of high strength steels. This will be possible without conducting the large number of practical tests or relying on personal experience of a designer

Conditioning on a Collider May or May Not Explain the Relationship Between Lower Neuroticism and Premature Mortality in the Study by Gale et al. (2017): A Reply to Richardson, Davey Smith, and Munafò (2019)

We (Gale et al., 2017) analyzed data on 321,456 UK Biobank participants to address why higher neuroticism is sometimes related to lower mortality (e.g., Korten et al., 1999). We noted that the studies that revealed an inverse relationship between neuroticism and mortality included self-rated health as a predictor, perhaps because it is associated with mortality, even when multiple objective measures of health status are included in models (for reviews, see Benyamini & Idler, 1999; Idler & Benyamini, 1997). We therefore tested whether including self-rated health, which was modestly related to neuroticism, rS = .23 (Gale et al., p. 1348), in a model changed the sign of the neuroticism–mortality relationship. We found that it did so and then set out to test two possible explanations for this phenomenon

Conditioning on a Collider May or May Not Explain the Relationship Between Lower Neuroticism and Premature Mortality in the Study by Gale et al. (2017): A Reply to Richardson, Davey Smith, and Munafò (2019)

We (Gale et al., 2017) analyzed data on 321,456 UK Biobank participants to address why higher neuroticism is sometimes related to lower mortality (e.g., Korten et al., 1999). We noted that the studies that revealed an inverse relationship between neuroticism and mortality included self-rated health as a predictor, perhaps because it is associated with mortality, even when multiple objective measures of health status are included in models (for reviews, see Benyamini & Idler, 1999; Idler & Benyamini, 1997). We therefore tested whether including self-rated health, which was modestly related to neuroticism, rS = .23 (Gale et al., p. 1348), in a model changed the sign of the neuroticism–mortality relationship. We found that it did so and then set out to test two possible explanations for this phenomenon

Positive and negative well-being and objectively measured sedentary behaviour in older adults: evidence from three cohorts

Background: Sedentary behaviour is related to poorer health independently of time spent in moderate to vigorous physical activity. The aim of this study was to investigate whether wellbeing or symptoms of anxiety or depression predict sedentary behaviour in older adults. Method: Participants were drawn from the Lothian Birth Cohort 1936 (LBC1936) (n = 271), and the West of Scotland Twenty-07 1950s (n = 309) and 1930s (n = 118) cohorts. Sedentary outcomes, sedentary time, and number of sit-to-stand transitions, were measured with a three-dimensional accelerometer (activPAL activity monitor) worn for 7 days. In the Twenty-07 cohorts, symptoms of anxiety and depression were assessed in 2008 and sedentary outcomes were assessed ~ 8 years later in 2015 and 2016. In the LBC1936 cohort, wellbeing and symptoms of anxiety and depression were assessed concurrently with sedentary behaviour in 2015 and 2016. We tested for an association between wellbeing, anxiety or depression and the sedentary outcomes using multivariate regression analysis. Results: We observed no association between wellbeing or symptoms of anxiety and the sedentary outcomes. Symptoms of depression were positively associated with sedentary time in the LBC1936 and Twenty-07 1950s cohort, and negatively associated with number of sit-to-stand transitions in the LBC1936. Meta-analytic estimates of the association between depressive symptoms and sedentary time or number of sit-to-stand transitions, adjusted for age, sex, BMI, long-standing illness, and education, were β = 0.11 (95% CI = 0.03, 0.18) and β = − 0.11 (95% CI = − 0.19, −0.03) respectively. Conclusion: Our findings indicate that depressive symptoms are positively associated with sedentary behavior. Future studies should investigate the causal direction of this association

Systematic comparative validation of self-report measures of sedentary time against an objective measure of postural sitting (activPAL)

Background: Sedentary behaviour is a public health concern that requires surveillance and epidemiological research. For such large scale studies, self-report tools are a pragmatic measurement solution. A large number of self-report tools are currently in use, but few have been validated against an objective measure of sedentary time and there is no comparative information between tools to guide choice or to enable comparison between studies. The aim of this study was to provide a systematic comparison, generalisable to all tools, of the validity of self-report measures of sedentary time against a gold standard sedentary time objective monitor. Methods: Cross sectional data from three cohorts (N = 700) were used in this validation study. Eighteen self-report measures of sedentary time, based on the TAxonomy of Self-report SB Tools (TASST) framework, were compared against an objective measure of postural sitting (activPAL) to provide information, generalizable to all existing tools, on agreement and precision using Bland-Altman statistics, on criterion validity using Pearson correlation, and on data loss. Results: All self-report measures showed poor accuracy compared with the objective measure of sedentary time, with very wide limits of agreement and poor precision (random error > 2.5 h). Most tools under-reported total sedentary time and demonstrated low correlations with objective data. The type of assessment used by the tool, whether direct, proxy, or a composite measure, influenced the measurement characteristics. Proxy measures (TV time) and single item direct measures using a visual analogue scale to assess the proportion of the day spent sitting, showed the best combination of precision and data loss. The recall period (e.g. previous week) had little influence on measurement characteristics. Conclusion: Self-report measures of sedentary time result in large bias, poor precision and low correlation with an objective measure of sedentary time. Choice of tool depends on the research context, design and question. Choice can be guided by this systematic comparative validation and, in the case of population surveillance, it recommends to use a visual analog scale and a 7 day recall period. Comparison between studies and improving population estimates of average sedentary time, is possible with the comparative correction factors provided