Fenol, Flavonoid, Dan Aktivitas Antioksidan Pada Ekstrak Kulit Batang Pulai (Alstonia Scholaris R.br)

Pulai (Alstonia scholaris R.Br), family Apocynaceae adalah salah satu tumbuhan hutan yang berfungsi sebagai obat tradisional untuk mengobati demam, malaria, batuk berdahak, diare, kencing manis, penurun kolesterol, cacingan, rematik akut, borok, dan hipertensi. Salah satu penyebab penyakit jantung, aterosklerosis, dan kanker adalah stres oksidatif. Stres ini dapat disembuhkan atau dikurangi dengan menggunakan antioksidan. Flavonoid merupakan senyawa fenol dan termasuk salah satu metabolit sekunder pada tumbuhan yang berfungsi sebagai antioksidan. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui kandungan total fenol, total flavonoid, dan aktivitas antioksidan ekstrak kulit batang pulai. Penentuan kuantitatif total fenol dengan metode folin-ciocalteu dinyatakan sebagai gallic acid equivalent (GAE) per gram ekstrak, kadar flavonoid total dengan metode AlCl3 dinyatakan sebagai Quercetin equivalen (QE), dan aktivitas antioksidan in vitro dengan DPPH (2, 2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl) yang dinyatakan dalam istilah IC50 (inhibition concentration). Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa ekstraksi tiga ulangan dalam maserasi dengan etanol 96% menghasilkan 4,19% filtrat. Kandungan fenol total adalah 51,50 mg GAE/g ekstrak, sedangkan kandungan flavonoid total adalah 0,35 mg QE/g ekstrak. Nilai IC50 yang diperoleh dari hasil pengujian antioksidan ekstrak kulit batang adalah 211,54 μg/mL

The Cyanogenic Potential of Roots and Leaves of Ninety Nine Cassava Cultivars

Studies on cyanogenic potential (CP) of roots and leaves of Indonesian cassava germplasm are still inadequate in relation to food toxicity and on human health. The CP of leaves of 99 cassava cultivars was analyzed using picrate paper kits. Effort to reduce CP of cassava leaves by boiling them was also conducted. The results showed that roots and leaves had low and moderate level of CP. There was a significant correlation between the CP of leaves (Y) and roots (X) of 45 cassava cultivars with regression equation Y = 36.214 + 1.3085 X (r = 0.5228). The CP content was high in the young leaves (241 ppm) and low in the older ones (99 ppm). The proximal portion of the roots had the highest CP content (300 ppm), and that in the distal end was the lowest (56 ppm). The root part close to cortex had highest CP content (550 ppm), whereas the central part was the lowest (35 ppm). Boiling cassava leaves for 20 minutes significantly reduced the CP up to 75%, indicating that for safety, cassava should be completely processed or cooked. This study implied that CP content should be considered in cassava breeding programs. Forty two of 99 cassava cultivars have CP below 50 ppm which is safe for consumption

Preliminary Research: Identification of Microorganism in the Waiting Room on Public Transportation Facilities, DKI Jakarta

Public transportation is one of the places that have the potential to become a place of disease transmission, the discovery of bacteria in the facility is a public health problem is quite urgent. A preliminary test was conducted to find out the bacteria in waiting room at public transportation facilities in DKI Jakarta area. The research was conducted in cross sectional. Population are public facilities at the bus terminal of Kampung Rambutan, Pinang ranti, Manggarai, Grogol, Kalideres and Tanjung priuk. The sample is wipe the surface of iron fence, bench, handrail and counters as many as 24 samples. Conducted isolation on specific media and morphological, physiological and biochemical identification. We found 70 isolates with 5 species of bacteria, Staphylococcus aureus and Staphylococcus saphrophyticus 27.4%, Bacillus subtilis 25.7%, Staphylococcus epidermidis 17.14% and MRSA (Methicillin Resisten Staphylococcus Aureus) 2.8%. Locations with the most bacteria types are iron grip and chair. Tanjung priuk is place the most bacteria type and found MRSA. Method and frequency of cleaning of transportation means become one factor to eliminate number and type of microorganism. Until now there are no regulations that bind to the hygiene and sanitation of transportation in particular

The Impact of Sleep Deprivation on the Level of Sleepiness, Fatigue, and Stress on Experiment Using Driving Simulator

Sleep prior to driving has been discussed widely in fatigue driving research focusing on how it affected driver on duty. This study is intended to compare the impact of prior normal sleep hour and sleep reduction during long-duration driving to subjective sleepiness, fatigue and stress level. To aim this objective, within-subject 2 x 2experiments was conducted (4 experiments condition). Sleep hour variable consists of ± 4 hours (var11) and ± 8 hours sleep (var12) before driving, and long duration driving consist of non-stop 5 hours driving (var21) ended with 60 minutes rest, and 2.5 hour driving x 2 sessions (var22) with 30 minutes break between session and ended with 30 minutes rest. Driving task conducted in laboratory started at ± 7 am to ± 1 pm using a simulator that set to highway and city route randomly. Thirteen participants were involved in these four experiments, each of them conducted in a different day in random fashion. Karolinska Sleepiness Scale (KSS/scale 1–9) and Visual Analogue Scale (0–10) were applied to rated subjective sleepiness and fatigue level, and saliva amylase was used to measure the participants’ stress level that was collected using Cocoro meter nipro. The result showed that sleepiness and fatigue level under sleep reduction condition was relatively higher compared to the normal sleep condition, while saliva amylase test result slightly increases after experiments, but cannot becategorized into stress condition yet. The conclusion is a duration and sleep hours before driving factors were induced fatigue, sleepiness and stress to driver, but lack of sleep has a higher impact compare to driving duration. Further research with another profession may give different results. Keywords: driving simulator, fatigue from driving, Karolinska Sleepiness Scale, sleep deprivation, stress leve

Motivasi Instrinsik Masyarakat Dalam Mengikuti Senam Aerobik Di Stadion Harapan Bangsa Banda Aceh Tahun 2015

Penelitian yang berjudul: “Motivasi instrinsik masyarakat dalam mengikuti senam aerobik di Stadion Harapan Bangsa Banda Aceh tahun 2015. Senam aerobik merupakan aktivitas fisik yang dapat memacu jantung dan peredaran darah serta pernafasan untuk meningkatkan kebugaran jasmani. Kegiatan senam aerobik diikuti oleh berbagai kelompok masyarakat. Berbagai motivasi muncul dari masyarakat dalam kegiatan tersebut, motivasi instrinsik salah satu motivasi yang erat hubungannya dengan kegiatan senam aerobik. Penelitianinibertujuanuntuk mengetahui motivasi instrinsik masyarakat dalam mengikuti senam aerobik di Stadion Harapan Bangsa Banda Aceh tahun 2015. Pendekatan dalam penelitian ini menggunakan pendekatan kualitatif sedangkan jenis penelitian adalah penelitian deskriptif. Adapun yang menjadi Sampel dalam penelitian ini adalah masyarakat yang mengikuti senam aerobik di Stadion Harapan Bangsa berjumlah 45 orang. Alat pengumpulan data dilakukan dengan angket (kuesioner) dan pengolahan data dilakukan dengan menggunakan statistik sederhana dalam bentuk perhitungan persentase. Hasil analisis data menunjukkan bahwa motivasi instrinsik masyarakat dalam mengikuti senam aerobik di Stadion Harapan Bangsa Banda Aceh tahun 2015 sebagai berikut: 1) Berdasarkan indikator ingin tahu 99,985% masyarakat pada umumnya ingin mengetahui manfaat dan pentingnya olahraga aktifitas senam terhadap kebugaran jasmani. 2) Berdasarkan indiktator penghargaan 99,984% masyarakat pada umumnya dapat menikmati hasil dari aktifitas senam yang mereka ikuti. 3) Berdasarkan indikator semangat 99,982% masyarakat pada umumnya sangat berantusias dalam mengikuti aktifitas olahraga senam aerobik ini. Dengan adanya penelitian ini diharapkan kepada masyarakat dapat memotivasi dirinya untuk selalu hadir dalam mengikuti olahraga senam aerobik dan dapat menjaga silaturahmi yang baik sesama masyarakat dalam mengikuti senam aerobik di Stadion Harapan Bangsa Banda Aceh

TEACHER’S BELIEFS ON USING CODE SWITCHING IN RELATION TO BUILDING STUDENTS’ SOCIAL EMOTIONAL COMPETENCE

This study investigated the phenomenon of code switching or the use of English and Indonesian as a medium of instruction used by the English as a Foreign Language teacher in her classroom discourse. It was conducted in a seventh grade English class at one secondary school in South Sumatera, Indonesia. This case study focuses on revealing the teacher’ perceptions towards her use of code switching in relation to build her students’ social emotional competence. The teaching and learning processes in the classroom were recorded and transcribed to explore the occurrence of code switching in the classroom discourse. A face to face semi-structured interview with the teacher was held and analysed to see her perception and purposes of doing code switching in the class. The study results indicated that the switching between English and Indonesian in the EFL classrooms plays a positive role in building the students social emotional competence during the teaching and learning process. The main reason the teacher uses code switching is to have a better communication with her students while transferring the material or topic of discussion as well as to remind and motivate them to have higher social emotional competence in their English learning process

The improvement chest x-ray after carvedilol therapy in heart failure due to left to right shunt, congenital heart disease

Background: Heart failure due to left to right shunt congenital heart defect will increase pulmonary blood flow and cause volume overload. This condition activated the sympathetic nervous system and the renin-angiotensin-aldosteron system. Conventional therapy has not blocked the sympathetic system yet. Carvedilol, a novel non selective β-blocker, reduced mortality and hospitalization in adults with heart failure. Limited information was available about its use in children. Objective: To evaluate the effect of carvedilol on chest x-ray in children with heart failure due to left to right shunt congenital heart defect. Methods: A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study was done. In addition to conventional therapy, patients were assigned to receive placebo or carvedilol. Carvedilol was initiated at a dose of 0.05 mg/kg/day, with a target dose of 0.2 mg/kg/day. Chest x-ray was done before-after treatment and evaluated for cardio-thoracic ratio and pulmonary vascularity. The data was analyzed using independent sample t-test and Chi-square test, with confidence interval 95%. Results: Of 30 patients, 15 in each group. The mean age was 57.6(SD 43.57) months, 19(63.3%) were boys. There were 21(70%) children with VSD and 9(30%) children with PDA. Compared to control group, children in the carvedilol group had a significant decrease of cardio-thoracic ratio(-2.94?2.34% versus -0.48?3.19%, p=0.023, CI 95%:-4.556 to-0.360). However, there was no significant change of pulmonary vascularity(p=0.153). Conclusion: Carvedilol decreased the cardio-thoracic ratio on chest x-ray, but did not improve the pulmonary vascularity in children with heart failure due to left to right shunt Congenital heart defect

The properties of sonicated immersion grown hematite films at various annealing temperatures

In this research, hematite (α-Fe2O3) film was synthesized to study the effect of annealing temperature on its crystallinity, optical and electrical properties. Through a sonicated solution immersion technique, hematite films were deposited on a fluorine-doped tin oxide (FTO) glass substrate. In the synthesis process, 0.2 M ferric chloride (FeCl3·6H2O) was used as a precursor, 0.2 M urea (NH2CONH2) as the stabilizer, and de-ionized (DI) water as a solvent to produce 200 ml of aqueous solution. During the annealing treatment, we varied the temperatures at 350 ºC, 450 ºC and 500 ºC. The X-ray diffraction (XRD) pattern revealed the presence of peaks of 2θ angles between 20° to 90°, corresponding to (104), (110), (214), (125) and (128) planes, which exhibited crystalline structures of rhombohedral with diffraction peaks of hematite phase (α-Fe2O3). Optical characterizations showed that the transmittances of all samples were close to 100% in the high wavelength level of the visible light region, which is close to the infrared spectrum. Absorption of hematite samples was found to be more than 0.6 a.u. in the low wavelength level of the visible light region close to the ultraviolet spectrum and close to 0 in the high wavelength level of the visible light region close to the infrared spectrum. A sample with an annealing temperature of 500 °C has the lowest transmission and the highest absorbance in the visible region due to dim pigments in the hematite film